تأثیر شاخص فلاکت بر شاخص سلامت در ایران
محورهای موضوعی :
1 - دانشگاه سمنان
کلید واژه: کلمات کلیدی: شاخص فلاکت, شاخص سلامت, ARDL,
چکیده مقاله :
چكيده مقدمه: سلامت به معنی برخوداری از رفاه کامل جسمی و روانی و اجتماعی می¬باشد و تنها نبود بیماری و معلولیت و ناتوانی نیست. باتوجه به ورود اقتصاد سلامت به ادبیات علم اقتصاد بررسی چگونگی اثرگذاری شاخص¬های اقتصادی بر سلامت امری ضروری است. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی تجربی تأثیر شاخص فلاکت بر شاخص سلامت برای ایران می¬باشد. روش: اين پژوهش از روش تجزیه مؤلفه¬های اصلی جهت استخراج یک شاخص کلی برای شاخص سلامت و برای برآورد مدل، از روش خودرگرسيونی با وقفه¬های توزیعی (ARDL) طی سال¬های 1361-1398 برای کشور ایران استفاده گردید. داده¬های مورد استفاده در این پژوهش شاخص ترکیبی (شاخص امید به زندگی، هزینه سرانه بهداشت، مرگ و میر کودکان زیر 5 سال)، که اطلاعات مربوط به امید به زندگی از بانک جهانی، هزینه سرامه سلامت از قانون بودجه و محاسبات و مرگ و میر کودکان زیر 5 سال داده های یونیسف و اطلاعات شاخص فلاکت، ضریب جینی و تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه از مرکز آمار و نماگرهای اقتصادی بانک مرکزی ایران استخراج شده است. مدل و آزمون‌های موردنیاز تحقیق در نرم‌افزار Eviews 10 برآورد شدند. یافته¬ها: نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که شاخص فلاکت اثر منفی و معناداری بر شاخص سلامت دارد. همچنین، براساس یافته¬های تجربی نابرابری درآمد اثر منفی و معناداری برشاخص سلامت دارد، در حالی تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه اثر مثبت و معناداری برشاخص سلامت دارد.که این موضوع قیود دیگری را بر سیاستگذار در مسیر دستیابی به توزیع بهتر درآمد، ارتقای درآمد سرانه تحمیل خواهد نمود. بحث: بر اساس نتایج مدل، متغیر شاخص فلاکت دارای ضریب منفی و معنی‌داری بر هزینه‌های سلامت است. شاخص فلاکت در طبقات پایین جامعه چشمگیرتر و کمتر است. به دلیل افزایش نرخ تورم، قدرت خرید دهک های پایین جامعه به شدت آسیب دیده است. علاوه بر این، تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر شاخص سلامت دارد. درآمد سرانه بالاتر با بهبود شرایط زندگی منجر به سلامت بهتر می¬شود. در حالی که نابرابری درآمد تأثیر منفی معناداری بر شاخص سلامت دارد. با کاهش نابرابری درآمدی در جامعه، امکان سرمایه گذاری در آموزش، سلامت؛ زمینه اشتغال برای افراد بیشتری فراهم شده است.
Seyed Mohammad Mostolizadeh Abstract Introduction: Health means having complete physical, mental and social well-being, and it is not only the absence of disease, disability and disability. Considering the entry of health economics into the economics literature, it is necessary to study how economic indicators affect health. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of misery index on health index for Iran. Method: The self-regression method with distributed intervals (ARDL) was used for Iran during the years 1361-1398. The data used in this study are a composite index (life expectancy index, per capita health expenditure, mortality of children under 5 years old), which contains information about life expectancy from the World Bank, health expenditure from the budget law and calculations and death Mortality of children under 5 years old UNICEF data and data on misery index, Gini coefficient and GDP per capita have been extracted from the Statistics and Economic Indicators Center of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The model and tests required for the research were estimated in Eviews 10 software. Findings: The results show that the misery index has a negative and significant effect on the health index. Also, based on empirical findings, income inequality has a negative and significant effect on the health index, while GDP per capita has a positive and significant effect on the health index. Discussion: Based on the results of the model, the misery index variable has a negative and significant coefficient on health costs. The index of misery is lower and lower in the lower classes of society. Due to rising inflation, the purchasing power of the lower deciles of society has been severely damaged. In addition, GDP per capita has a positive and significant effect on the health index. Higher per capita income leads to better health by improving living conditions such as access to safe drinking water, better roads, proper nutrition, and so on. While income inequality has a significant negative effect on the health index. By reducing income inequality in society, the possibility of investing in education, health; Employment is provided for more people.
منابع
- بخشنده گلکو، رقیه (1390 )، بررسی رابطه سلامت با رشد اقتـصادی در کـشورهای عـضو سـازمان کنفـرانس اسـلامی ، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه آزاد واحد علوم تحقیقات.
- Abbas, F. & Hiemenz, U. (2011). "Determinants of public health expenditures in Pakista. ZEF". Discussion Papers on Development Policy 158: 30-48.
- Abbasi, Narges, Sanjari Farsipour, Nahid,Yarmohammadi, Massoud. (2006). "Continuous multivariate methods ". Tehran: Payame Noor University Press.
- Ahmadi, Ali Mohammad, Ghaffari, Hassan Mohammad and Emadi, Seyed Javad. (2011). "The relationship between macroeconomic variables and health in Iran ". Social Welfare Quarterly 10 (39): 39-7.
- Amiri A, Gerdtham UG, Ventelou B. (2011). A new approach for estimation of longrun relationships in economic analysis using Engle-Granger and articial intelligence methods; 2011.
- Amjad A, Marc A. (2019). Urbanization and Life Expectancy in MENA Nations: An Empirical Analysis. Economic Misery.
- Asefzadeh S. (2010). Health Care Economics 4thed: Qazvin University of Medical Science:1-256.
- Asgari, Heshmatollah and Badpa, Behrooz .(2015). "The effect of public and private health expenditures on the health status of individuals in Iran ". Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences 23 (5): 46-36.
- Audi M, Ali A. (2017). "Socio-Economic Status and Life Expectancy in Lebanon: An Empirical Analysis". Archives of Business Research 5(11):159-170.
- Babaei, Majid. (2020). "The effect of health indicators and macroeconomic variables on the level of life expectancy (comparison of developing and developed countries with the Panel Data approach): A descriptive-analytical study". Journal of Medical Science Studies 31 (7): 575-568.
- Beja, E. (2014). Measuring economic ill-being: Evidence for the Philippine misery index. Department of Economics, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines 1108, Mpra Paper.
- Bloom, D., D. Canning & J. Sevilla. (2004). "The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: A Production Function Approach". World Development 32 (1): 1-13.
- Emadzadeh, Mostafa, Samadi, Saeed and Paknejad, Samira. (2011). "The effect of income inequality distribution on health status in a selection of member countries of the Organization of the Islamic Conference ". Health Information Management 8 (3): 314-306.
- Fattahi, Maryam, Assari, Abbas, Sadeghi, Hossein and Asgharpour Hassan. (2013). "Experimental analysis of the relationship between air pollution and general health costs: A dynamic panel data approach ". Economic Modeling Quarterly 9 (31), 60-43.
- Generous Golko, Roghayeh. (2014). Investigating the relationship between health and economic growth in the member countries of the Organization of the Islamic Conference. Master Thesis, Azad University, Research Sciences Branch.
- Gol Khandan Abolghasem. (2019). "The long-term impact of economic misery on life expectancy in Iran ". Journal of Health Research 4 (2): 111-104.
- Karimi, Iraj. (2005). Health Economics: Resource Allocation and Productivity Planning. Tehran: Gap Publications.
- Kazemian, Mahmoud and Javadi Nasab, Hamideh. (2014). " Economic and social components affecting the health costs of low-income households in the informal sector of employment ". Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences 2 (21): 161-151.
- Lotfalipour, Mohammad Reza, Fallahi, Mohammad Ali and Borji, Masoumeh. (2012). "Investigating the effect of health index on Iran's economic growth ". Health Management 14 (46): 70-57.
- Marcus J.(2013). The effect of unemployment on the mental health of spouses Evidence from plant closures in Germany. Journal of Health Economics; 32 (3): 546–558.
- Masgrove, Philip, Zaramdini, Riyadh, Crane and Guy (2004). Basic patterns in health care costs. Translated by Amir Abbas Fazaili, Social Security Quarterly, 6 (17): 41-78.
- Mujtahid, Ahmad and Javadipour, Saeed. (2004). " Investigating the effect of health expenditures on economic growth (Case study of selected developing countries) ". Iranian Journal of Economic Research 6 (19): 54-31.
- Murthy NR, Okunade AA. (2009). "The core determinants of health expenditure in the African context: some econometric evidence for policy". Journal of Health Policy 91: 57-62.
- Nofarsti, Mohammad. (2008). Unified and cohesive roots in econometrics. Tehran: Rasa Cultural Services Institute Publications, fifth edition.
- Rabiee, Mahnaz, Heidari, Somayeh, Shariat Bahadori, Mina and Kani, Sedigheh. (2013). "The Impact of Health Indicators on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Developed and Developing Countries". Economic Journal 13 (7,8): 88-73.
- Raghfar, Hossein, Zargari, Niloufar and Sangari Mahzab, Kobra. (2013). " Measuring inequality in health expenditures in Iran". Hakim Research Journal 16 (2): 97-89.
- Rezaei, Hadi, Alizadeh, Mohammad and Nademi, Younes. (2017). "Investigating the effects of spatial overflow of misery index on health expenditures in selected developing countries". Health Management 8 (1): 67-57.
- Sabbagh Kermani, Majid. (2016). Health Economics. Tehran: Samat Organization.
- Shahabadi, Abolfazl and Ghorbani Golparvar, Mahya. (2016). " The effect of misery index on health costs in Iran". Economic Modeling Quarterly 10 (1): 157-133.
- Shahbaz M, Loganathan N, Mujahid N, Ali A, Nawaz A. (2016). "Determinants of life expectancy and its prospects under the role of economic misery: A case of Pakistan". Social Indicators Research 126(3):299-316.
- Shiller RJ. (1997).Why do people dislike inflation? In christana D. Romer & D. H. Romer, eds. Reducing Inflation: Motivation and Strategy. Chicago: University of Chicago press: 1- 15.
- Truesdale BC & Jencks C. (2016). "The health effects of income inequality: Averages and disparities". Annual Review of Public Health 37(1): 413-30
- Wang Z, Rettenmaier AJ. (2007). "A note on cointegration of health expenditure and income". Health Economics 16: 559-578.
- Weil, David (2005), "Accounting for the Effect of Health on Economic Growth, National Bureau of Economic Research", Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138.
- Wilkinson, RG. (1997). "Socioeconomic determinants of health. Health inequalities: Relative or absolute material standards? ". British Medical Journal 314(7080): 591-595.
- Wu, P., Liu, Sh. & Pan, Sh. (2014). " Does misery index matter for the persistence of health spending? Evidence from OECD countries". Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement 118(2): 893-910.
