مطالعه‌های مشاهده‌ای در پژوهش‌ها و خدمات دامپزشکی
محورهای موضوعی : سایر علوم وابسته
علیرضا باهنر
1
,
مرضیه فائزی
2
,
زهرا بلوکی
3
1 - دانشگاه تهران
2 - دانشجوی Ph.D اپیدمیولوژی، بخش بهداشت و کنترل مواد غذایی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران
3 - PhD اپیدمیولوژی، عضو انجمن علمی اپیدمیولوژیست‌های ایران، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: مطالعه مشاهده‌ای, ثبت داده, مطالعه مقطعی, مطالعه مورد- شاهدی, مطالعه هم‌گروهی,
چکیده مقاله :
از مهم‌ترین کاربردهای علم اپیدمیولوژی، بررسی علت رخداد بیماری‌ها است. در این راستا طراحی درست مطالعه‌ها برای نزدیک شدن به علت و عوامل خطر رخداد بیماری‌ها امری حیاتی است. مطالعه‌های مشاهده‌ای، دسته‌ای از مطالعه‌ها هستند، که به شناسایی عوامل خطر رخداد بیماری‌ها کمک کرده و با برآورد کمی اثر این عوامل بر رخداد بیماری، در کنترل آن در جامعه تأثیر می‌گذارند. این مطالعه‌ها از راه مشاهده سیر طبیعی بیماری در جمعیت انجام می‌شوند. ثبت درست و دقیق داده‌ها (بخشی که در کشور کم‌تر مورد توجه قرار می‌گیرد) زیربنای اصلی این مطالعه‌ها است که نیازمند توجه ویژه مراکز آموزشی، ترویجی و پژوهشی است. در این مقاله در ابتدا انواع مطالعه‌های مشاهده‌ای به‌طور کلی معرفی شده است. پس از آن مطالعه‌های مقطعی، مورد- شاهدی و هم‌گروهی به‌عنوان سه نوع اصلی مطالعه‌های مشاهده‌ای به‌طور کامل توضیح داده شده‌اند. چگونگی گروه‌بندی نمونه‌ها برای ورود به مطالعه، محاسبه حداقل تعداد نمونه، کاربردها و مزایا و معایب هر یک از مطالعه‌ها به‌تفصیل شرح داده شده‌است. هم‌چنین امکاناتی که هر یک از انواع این مطالعه‌ها برای تفسیر علیتی رخداد بیماری یا حاصل مورد نظر در مطالعه، در اختیار پژوهشگر می‌گذارد؛ در انتهای هر بخش آمده است. پس از معرفی چگونگی اجرای هر مطالعه، برای آشنایی بیشتر خوانندگان بسته به مورد به 3 یا 4 مقاله که طرح مطالعاتی مشابه دارند، ارجاع داده شده است تا به عنوان نمونه‌ای از یک مطالعه مشاهده‌ای به‌عنوان الگو قرار گیرد. باید توجه داشت این نوع مطالعه‌ها زیربنایی، برای اجرای مطالعه‌های مداخله‌ای هستند و ایجاد زیرساخت برای ثبت داده و تحلیل آن برای انجام این مطالعه‌ها ضروری است.
One of the most important applications of epidemiology is the investigation of the causes of diseases. In this regard, the appropriate design of study to approach the causes and risk factors of a disease is vital. Observational studies are a category of studies that help the researcher in identifying risk factors for disease occurrence and quantifying the effect of these factors on it, thereby influencing its control within the population. These studies are conducted through observing the natural behavior of disease in the population. Accurate and precise data collection (a part that receives less attention in the country) forms the cornerstone of these studies, requiring special attention from educational, extension, and research centers. In this article, various types of observational studies are initially introduced in general terms. Subsequently, cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies, as the three main types of observational studies, are comprehensively explained. The methods of grouping for study entry, calculation of minimum sample size, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of each study are described in detail. Additionally, the capabilities that each type of these studies provides to the researcher for interpreting the causality of the occurrence or the desired outcome in the study are provided at the end of each section. After introducing the implementation method of each study, depending on the case, references to three or four articles with similar study designs are provided to serve as examples of observational studies as a model. It should be noted that these types of studies are foundational for conducting intervention studies, and creating infrastructure for data recording and analysis is necessary for conducting these studies.
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