نمایندگی ظاهری و آثار آن در نظام حقوقی- فقهی ایران و کامن لا
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق مدنیعباداله رستمی چلکاسری 1 , علی جمال زاده 2
1 - دانشیار حقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق، موسسه آموزش عالی احرار، رشت، ایران.
2 - کارشناسی ارشد حقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق، موسسه آموزش عالی احرار، رشت، ایران
کلید واژه: نمایندگی ظاهری, فقه امامیّه, کامن لا, نمایندگی ضمنی,
چکیده مقاله :
«نمایندگی ظاهری» برخاسته از حقوق انگلیس است و در ذیل تعاریف معمول نمایندگی جای نمی گیرد. در این تئوری شخص نخست به واسطۀ رفتار خود سبب شده است که دیگری به عنوان نمایندۀ وی شناخته شده، و ثالث نمایندگی را تصور و تصدیق نماید، در حالی که هیچگونه رابطۀ نمایندگی به نحوی که معمولاً انتظار می رود بین آن ها وجود ندارد، فلذا شخص نخست نمی تواند نمایندگی را انکار نماید. در فقه امامیّه لفظ خاص «نمایندگی ظاهری» توجه فقها را به خود جلب نکرده و در اطراف آن احکامی دیده نمی شود، اما این موضوع دال بر عدم وجود نظر مشابه و غیرقابل پذیرش بودن آن در فقه امامیّه نیست. هدف تحقیق تطبیق این تئوری و آثار آن با نهادهای مشابه در فقه امامیه است. تصور می رود که تئوری مزبور بعضاً در تسهیل اعمال حقوقی مؤثر واقع شود، فلذا بنا به وسعت فقه، پژوهش تطبیقی در این خصوص ممکن در تجارت اسلامی مؤثر واقع شود. در این تحقیق انتظار می رود آثار ناشی از نمایندی ظاهری و نهادهای مشابه آن به طبع متفاوت باشد، اما در اساس تعارض چشمگیری در بین آن ها وجود نداشته باشد. روش تحقیق به صورت جستوجو و گردآوری منابع (کتاب، مقاله، ...) و یادداشت برداری از آنها انجام شده است.
"Apparent representation" originates from English law and does not fall under the usual definitions of representation. In this theory, the first person through his behavior has caused the other to be recognized as his representative, and the third to imagine and acknowledge the representation, while there is no representative relationship between them in the way that is usually expected. Therefore, the first person cannot deny the representation. In Imami jurisprudence, the special word "apparent representation" has not attracted the attention of jurists and there are no rulings around it, but this does not indicate the absence of a similar opinion and its inadmissibility in Imami jurisprudence. The purpose of the research is to compare this theory and its works with similar institutions in Imami jurisprudence. It is thought that the mentioned theory is sometimes effective in facilitating legal practices, so according to the scope of jurisprudence, comparative research in this regard may be effective in Islamic business. In this research, it is expected that the effects of apparent representation and its similar institutions are different in nature, but there is no significant conflict between them. The research method is searching and collecting sources (books, articles,...) and taking notes from them.
Akhund Khorasani, Muhammad Kazem bin Hossein, (1991), Kefaye, Qom, Al-Nashar al-Islami Institute.
Ostadi, Mona, (2007), "Theory of Apparent Representation", Master's Thesis of Private Law, Kashan
University.
Skini, Rabia, (2012), Business Law (Commercial Companies), Volume 2, Tehran, Samit Publications.
Asghari Aghmashedi, Fakhreddin, Essian Tafarshi, Mohammad, (2005), "The legal nature of the
relationship between directors of joint-stock companies and the company", Journal of the Faculty
of Administrative Sciences and Economics of the University of Isfahan, 18th year, number 2, pp.
35-52.
Al-Sunhouri, Abd al-Razzaq Ahmad, (1952), Al-Wasit fi Sharh al-Qunun al-Madani al-Jadeed, Volume
1, Cairo, Dar al-Nasher for Al-Masryah Universities.
Emami, Seyyed Hassan, (2013), Civil Rights, Volume 1, Tehran, Ganj Danesh Publications.
Amiri Ghaem Maqam, Abdul Majid, (1999), Laws of Obligations, Volume 2, Tehran, Mizan Publishing
House.
Pourarshad, Nader, Skini, Rabia, (2008), "Theory of Apparent Representation in Iranian Laws with a
Comparative Approach to Foreign Laws", White Journal No. 82, pp. 24-3.
Jafari Tabar, Hassan, (2014), Philosophical foundations of legal interpretation, Tehran, publishing
company.
Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar, (2017), Legal Terminology, Tehran, Ganj Danesh Publications.
Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jaafar, (2012), Encyclopaedia of Civil and Commercial Law, Volume 1,
Tehran, Ganj Danesh Publications.
Hajiani, Hadi, (2016), Representation Laws, Tehran, Danesh Negar Publications.
Hosni, Hassan, (2015), Trade Laws (including all topics), Tehran, Mizan Publishing House.
Khordmandi, Saeed, (2012), Advocacy in business law and its application to jurisprudence, Qom, Bostan
Kitab Institute.
Khazaei, Hossein, (2015), Business Law, Commercial Companies, Volume 2, Tehran, Law Publishing.
Khomeini, Ruhollah, (2006), translated by Tahrir al-Wasila, Qom, Institute for editing and publishing
the works of Imam Khomeini (RA).
Demarchili, Mohammad, Hatami, Ali, Qaraei, Mohsen, (2012), Trade Law in the Current Legal System,
Tehran, Dodastan Publications.
Mendi Tehrani, Mohammad Javad, (1987) Al-Mabahid al-Fiqhiyyah fi Sharh al-Ruda al-Bahiya, volume
15, Qom, Wajdani.
Rostami Chalkasri, Ebadale, (2012), Proofs of Lawsuits, Rasht, Gilan University Publications.
Zareh, Abbas, (2014), Law of Civil Procedure in Iran's Legal System, Tehran, third edition.
Shabiri Zanjani, Musa, Yazdi, Mohammad Kazem bin Abd al-Azeem, (Bita), Marriage Book, Volume
25, Qom, Rai Pardaz Research Institute.
The First Martyr, Muhammad Bin Makki, (2008), Encyclopedia of the First Martyr, (Mokhtari, Reza),
Volume 13, Qom, School of Islamic Studies in the Islamic Research Center of the Islamic Science
and Culture Center.
Safai, Hossein, (2013), General Rules of Contracts, Volume 2, Tehran, Mizan Publishing.
Adl, Mustafa (Mansour al-Sultaneh), (2013), civil rights, by Mohammad Reza Bandarchi, Qazvin, Bahrul
Uloom Publishing House.
Essian Tafarshi, Mohammad, (2016), Analytical Discussions of the Laws of Commercial Companies,
Volume 2, Tehran, Tarbiat Modares University Publications.
Omid Zanjani, Abbas Ali, (2012), General Rules of Kitab Al-Bai and Al-Matajir Contracts, Tehran,
Khorsandi.
Qomi, Mirza Abulqasem, (2014), Jame Al-Shatt, Volume 4, Kayhan Publications.
Qanawati, Jalil, Essian Tafarshi, Mohammad, (2015), "Relationship between the representative body and
the right-of-work, agency and brokerage institutions", Higher Education Complex Journal, No.
11, pp. 55-82.
Katouzian, Nasser, (1995), General Theory of Obligations, Tehran, Yalda Publishing.
Morsi Badr, Jamal, (1980), Al-Nayaba fi Al-Qaunayat al-Qawani, Cairo, Al-Masriyyah al-Masriyyah al-
Katab.
Madrasi, Mohammad Reza, (2013), Al-Bay (Madrasi), Qom, Volume 3, (Amirkhani, Abdullah), Dar al-
Tafsir.
Moin, Mohammad, (1992), Farhang Moin, Volume 4, 8th edition, Tehran, Amir Kabir Publications.
Naimi, Imran, (2016), "Commercial Representation (Study and Review in Domestic and Foreign Laws)",
Doctoral Dissertation in Private Law, University of Tehran.
Bowstead W. and Reynolds F, (1996), the Law of Agency, 16th ed, London, Sweet & Maxwell.
Daniel Kleinberger and Peter Knapp,( 2002), Apparent Servants and Making Appearances Matter, A
Critique of Bagot v. Airport & Airline Taxi Cab Corporation, Williatin Mitchell Law Review,
Vol. 28, No. 4.
Drew Britcher, and Abbotts Brown, (2018), the Doctrine of Apparent Authority In Medical Malpractice
Cases, New Jersey Law Journal, Vol. CXCIV, No. 4.
Edwin. R. Holmes, (1974), Apparent Authority and Undisclosed principal under German Law, California
wastern Interantional Law Journal, Vol. 4.
Fridman G.H.L,( 2016), the law of agency, 6th ed, london, Butter worths.
Keenan Denis and Riches Sarah, (2015), Business Law, Britain, Longman, 6th ed.
Marsh S.B and Soulsby J,( 2016), Business Law, London, 8th ed.
William Anson, (1964), Principles of the English Law of Contract and of Agency in Its Relation to
Contract, 22 nd ed, Oxford.