ارائه یک روش نیمه‌هوشمند برای شارژ خودروهای برقی در شبکه‌های توزیع چهارسیمه نامتعادل
محورهای موضوعی : مهندسی برق و کامپیوتر
1 - دانشگاه صنعتی ارومیه،دانشكده فناوری‌های صنعتی
کلید واژه: خودروی برقی, شبکه توزیع چهارسیمه, روش شارژ نیمه‌هوشمند, هادی نول, روش مونت‌کارلو,
چکیده مقاله :
گسترش روزافزون خودروهای برقی در شبکه‌های توزیع، چالش‌های زیادی را برای شرکت‌های توزیع برق ایجاد کرده است، از جمله: افزایش مقدار افت ولتاژ، افزایش مقدار تلفات شبکه و افزایش تعداد قطعی‌های ناشی از اضافه بار. برای غلبه بر موضوع ذکرگردیده، پیشنهاد می‌شود که از روش شارژ کنترل‌شده استفاده گردد. با این حال، روش مذکور نیازمند وجود زیرساخت‌های مخابراتی، اندازه‌گیری و پردازشی با هزینه‌های بالا بوده و تنها در شبکه‌های هوشمند قابل پیاده‌سازی است. در این مقاله، یک روش نیمه‌هوشمند برای شارژ خودروهای برقی ارائه شده تا بدون نیاز به زیرساخت‌های پیچیده و تنها با استفاده از سیستم اتوماسیون ساده محلی و ارزان‌قیمت، خودروهای برقی را در زمان‌های کم‌باری شبکه شارژ کرده و به این ترتیب، پارامترهای شبکه را به میزان قابل قبولی بهبود بخشد. بنابراین روش ارائه‌شده علاوه بر شرکت توزیع برق، به نفع مالکین خودرو نیز می‌باشد، زیرا هزینه شارژ خودروها بر اساس تعرفه پایین محاسبه می‌شود. برای رسیدن به نتایج واقعی، شبکه توزیع به صورت چهارسیمه و با در نظر گرفتن اثر سیم نول مدل‌سازی شده است. با اعمال روش پیشنهادی بر روی شبکه توزیع 19شینه استاندارد و مقایسه نتایج به دست آمده با روش‌های مختلف شارژ کنترل‌نشده، کارایی روش پیشنهادشده تأیید می‌گردد.
The growing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) in distribution networks (DNs) has posed many challenges for electricity distribution companies, such as: increasing the amount of voltage drop, network losses and the number of outages due to the overload. To overcome this, it is recommended to use coordinated charging methods. However, these methods require telecommunication, measurement and processing infrastructure with high costs and can only be implemented in smart grids. In this paper, a semi-intelligent method for charging EVs is presented that does not require complex infrastructure. This method, using a simple and inexpensive local automation system, charges EVs in the off-peak periods of the DN and thus improves its parameters. Since the EVs are charged at the low tariff time intervals, the proposed method will also benefit the EV owners. To achieve real results, four-wire DN is considered to model the effect of neutral conductor. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, it is compared with different uncontrolled charging methods. A standard 19 bus test system is used for simulations.
[1] C. C. Chan and Y. S. Wong, "The state of the art of electric vehicles technology," in Proc. 4th Int. Power Electronics and Motion Control Conf., IPEMC’04, vol. 1, pp. 46-57, Xi'an, China, 14-16 Aug. 2004.
[2] B. Pournazarian, P. Karimyan, G.B. Gharehpetian, M. Abedi, E. Pouresmaeil, "Smart participation of PHEVs in controlling voltage and frequency of island microgrids,"International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 110,pp. 510–522, 2019.
[3] S. Deilami, A. S. Masoum, P. S. Moses, and M. A. S. Masoum, "Real-time coordination of plug-in electric vehicle charging in smart grids to minimize power losses and improve voltage profile," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 456-467, Sept. 2011.
[4] A. Ipakchi and F. Albuyeh, "Grid of the future," IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 52-62, Mar./Apr. 2009.
[5] K. Clement-Nyns and E. Haesen, "The impact of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on a residential distribution grid," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 371-380, Feb. 2010.
[6] W. Sierzchula, S. Bakker, K. Maat, and B. Van Wee, "The influence of financial incentives and other socio-economic factors on electric vehicle adoption," Energy Policy, vol. 68, pp. 183-194, May 2014.
[7] E. Akhavan-Rezai, M. F. Shaaban, E. F. El-Saadany, and A. Zidan, "Uncoordinated charging impacts of electric vehicles on electric distribution grids: normal and fast charging comparison," in Proc. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 7 pp., San Diego, CA, USA, 22-26 Jul. 2012.
[8] F. Salah, J. P. Ilg, C. M. Flath, H. Basse, and C. V. Dinther, "Impact of electric vehicles on distribution substations: a Swiss case study," Appl. Energy, vol. 137, pp. 88-96, Jan. 2015.
[9] E. Sortomme, M. M. Hindi, S. D. J. MacPherson, and S. S. Venkata, "Coordinated charging of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to minimize distribution system losses," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 198-205, Mar. 2011.
[10] V. L. Nguyen, T. Tran-Quoc, S. Bacha, and B. Nguyen, "Charging strategies to minimize the peak load for an electric vehicle fleet," in Proc. 40th Annual Conf. of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON’14, pp. 3522-3528, Dallas, TX, USA, 29 Oct.-1 Nov. 2014.
[11] L. Jian, Y. Zheng, and Z. Shao, "High efficient valley-filling strategy for centralized coordinated charging of large-scale electric vehicles," Appl. Energy, vol. 186, pp. 46-55, 2017.
[12] Z. Ma, S. Zou, L. Ran, X. Shi, and I. A. Hiskens, "Efficient decentralized coordination of large-scale plug-in electric vehicle charging," Automatica, vol. 69, pp. 35-47, Jul. 2016.
[13] V. Tikka, J. Lassila, J. Haakana, and J. Partanen, "Electric vehicle smart charging aims for CO2 emission reduction?" in Proc. IEEE Pes Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conf. Europe, 6 pp., Ljubljana, Slovenia, 9-12 Oct. 2017.
[14] Y. Zheng, Y. Shang, Z. Shao, and I. Jian, "A novel real-time scheduling strategy with near-linear complexity for integrating large-scale electric vehicles into smart grid," Appl. Energy, vol. 217, pp.1-13, May 2018.
[15] R. Mehta, D. Srinivasan, A. Trivedi, and J. Yang, "Hybrid planning method based on cost benefit analysis for smart charging of plug-in electric vehicles in distribution systems," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 523-534, Jan. 2017.
[16] X. Lu, K. Zhou, S. Yang, and H. Lio, "Multi-objective optimal load dispatch of micro grid with stochastic access of electric vehicles," J. Clean Prod., vol. 195, pp. 187-199, Sept. 2018.
[17] E. Fouladi, H. R. Baghaee, M. Bagheri, and G. B. Gharehpetian, "Power management of microgrids including PHEVs based on maximum employment of renewable energy resources," IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 5299-5307, Sept.- Oct. 2020.
[18] R. A. Swief, N. H. El-Amary, and M. Z. Kamh, "Optimal energy management integrating plug in hybrid vehicle under load and renewable uncertainties," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 176895-176904, 2020.
[19] H. Li, A. Rezvani, J. Hu, and K. Ohshima, "Optimal day-ahead scheduling of microgrid with hybrid electric vehicles using MSFLA algorithm considering control strategies," Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 66, Article ID: 102681, Mar. 2021.
[20] Y. Zheng, S. Niu, Y. Shang, Z. Shao, and L. Jian, "Integrating plug-in electric vehicles into power grids: a comprehensive review on power interaction mode, scheduling methodology and mathematical foundation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 112, pp. 434-439, 2019.
[21] M. R. Kikhavani, A. Hajizadeh, and A. Shahirinia, "Charging coordination and load balancing of plug-in electric vehicles in unbalanced low-voltage distribution systems," IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 389-399, Feb. 2019.
[22] N. K. Meena, J. Yang, and P. Singh, "Backward/forward method for three-phase power flow calculation in low voltage distribution networks with EV charging points," in Proc. 8th IEEE India Int. Conf. on Power Electronics, IICPE’18, 6 pp., Jaipur, India, 13-15 Dec. 2018.
[23] S. Z. Moghaddam and T. Akbari, "Network-constrained optimal bidding strategy of a plug-in electric vehicle aggregator: a stochastic/robust game theoretic approach," Energy, vol. 151, pp. 478-489, May 2018.
