حقوق کودکان در حوزه حقوق شهری در پرتو کنوانسیون حقوق کودک
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق کودک
1 - کارشناس ارشد حقوق عمومی، دانشگاه تبریز، گروه حقوق عمومی، تبریز، ایران
2 - استادیار، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تبریز، گروه حقوق عمومی، تبریز، ایران
کلید واژه: کودک, حقوق کودک, حقوق شهری, حق بر سلامت, کنوانسیون حقوق کودک,
چکیده مقاله :
با رشد و توسعه شهرنشینی در جهان، دولت ها با چالش های مختلفی در حوزه حقوق گروه های خاص شهروندان از جمله کودکان مواجه می باشند، چرا که کودکان به علت شرایط خاص سنی و رشدی خود نیازمند توجه بیشتری نسبت به سایر شهروندان عادی هستند و از حقوق ویژه ای برخوردارند. اما شهرها نه تنها برای کودکان طراحی نشده اند بلکه آنها را از کمترین حقوق ویژه خود نیز بهره مند نمی سازند. مسلما مهم ترین سند حقوقی کودکان، کنوانسیون حقوق کودک می باشد. کودکان از حقوق مختلفی برخوردارند که در کنواسیون حقوق کودک منعکس گردیده اند، اما آنچه که مد نظر تحقیق حاضر می باشد یافتن پاسخ این پرسش است که: حقوق کودکان در حوزه حقوق شهری چیست؟ ضرورت شناسایی حقوق کودکان در حوزه حقوق شهری از آن جهت واجد اهمیت است که آنها به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین ارکان جامعه در معرض بیشترین آسیب ها و تهدیدهای اجتماعی، اقتصادی، بهداشتی و آموزشی قرار دارند و با توجه به نوپایی شناسایی حقوق کودکان در شهرها در سطح جهانی و بخصوص در ایران و تلاش های سازمانهای بین المللی نظیر یونسف بر ارتقای بیش از پیش این حقوق، انتظار می رود مدیران و سیاستگذاران شهری اقدامات مقتضی را در این حوزه به انجام برسانند. بر همین مبنا تحقیق حاضر با مطالعه حوزه های مختلف اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی موثر بر حقوق کودکان در شهرها، با شیوه گردآوری اطلاعات به روش کتابخانه ای و بررسی داده ها به طریق توصیفی- تحلیلی، در صدد تبیین مهم ترین حقوق کودکان در شهرها از جمله: حق عدم تبعیض، حقوق کودکان معلول، حق شنیده شدن، برخورداری از امنیت اجتماعی، حق بر سلامت، حق بر تحصیل و حق بر بازی و تفریح می باشد. نتیجه اینکه: هر چند اقدمات نظری خوبی از سوی نهادهای شهری ایران در این حوزه صورت گرفته است، با این حال ناگفته پیداست که در عمل تا رسیدن به وضعیت مطلوب کودکان فاصله بسیاری وجود دارد.
Development of urbanization in the world has made the states confront various challenges in realm of certain rights of citizens, especially children, as far as they need more attention than other citizens concerning their special developmental conditions. However, not only the cities are not designed based on the needs of children, they do not offer the least rights to them. Convention on the Rights of the Child is certainly the main legal document for children. Children benefit from different rights that are reflected in the convention on the rights of children; however, this study intends to answer this question that, “What are the rights of children in the urban right area?” The necessity of identifying the children rights in the urban rights is important on that as one of the main pillars of the society, children are mostly subject to most social, economic, health and educational threats and losses. Moreover, as far as identification of the rights of children in cities is emergent at international arena, particularly in Iran, and concerning the efforts of international organizations such as UNISEF on promotion of these rights, the city managers and policymakers are expected to carry out the required action in this area. Based on this, the present study seeks to explain the main rights of children in cities such as non-discrimination, the right of children with disabilities, public hearing, benefiting social security, the right to health, education and playing and pleasure through investigating various economic, social and cultural areas that are effective on the children rights in urban area by collecting data through library method and descriptive-analytical data analysis. It is concluded that although appropriate theoretical actions have been taken by urban institution in Iran, it is obvious that there is a great gap in practice to make children achieve desired status.
1. Gorji Azandariani AA, Shirzad Nazarloo Z. The Status of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in the Field of Urban Rights. Strategic Studies of Public Policy (Strategic Studies of Globalization Journal) 2018; 8(26): 137-163.
2. Niazpour A, rezaee Hoomedin S. Investigating the Child Right on Recreation and Leisure. Journal of Psychology and Educational Sciences 2017; 3(1): 75-88.
3. Karkhaneh V, Ahmadi H. General Indices of a Child-friendly City. National Conference on Civil Engineering and Architecture with Focus on Sustainable Development: 2015 August 6; Fuman, iran.
4. Mazhari M. Urban Rights. 1th ed. Tabriz: Yanar Publications; 2015. P. 15.
5. Navabakhsh M. Investigating the Concept of City and Citizenship from Sociological Approach. Quarterly Professional Journal of Sociology 2006; 2(1): 11-29..
6. Ezzatian Sh. Barriers to child participation in the formation of urban space. Manzar Quarterly 2017; 39: 38-49.
7. Bahrampoor A, Malekafzali AA. The Role of Children’s Safety and Security on their Presence in Urban Spaces (Case study: The Fatimi Neighborhood in the 6th District of Tehran). Iranian-Islamic City Studies Quarterly 2018; 9(33): 39-49.
8. Habibzadeh MJ, Rahiminezhad E. Human Dignity in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of iran. Quarterly Modares Human Sciences 2008; 11(4): 51-82.
9. Rastegar A, Bonfantini B. Child-friendly urban design guideline. Urban Management 2016; 44: 65-90.
10. Kalantari A, Nasr Esfahani A, Aram H. Justice in City (3)- Children and Urban Services. Tehran Urban Research & Planning Center 2013; Available at:
http://www.noandishaan.com/uploads/do.php?id=3193.
11. Javaheriyan Z, Vahdati AF, Rahmati A, Zamani L. Sustainable development goals. 1th Tehran: Hak Publications; 2016. P.36&40.
12. Child Friendly Cities and Communities Handbook. Unicef: 2018 April. P. 47. Available at:
https://www.unicef.org/eap/media/1591/file/Child%20Friendly%20Cities%20and%20Communities%20Handbook.pdf. Accessed September 14, 2020.
13. Handbook for Parliamentarians on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Geneva: United Nations Publishing; 2007. P.1. Available at:
https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/resources/handbook-for-parliamentarians-on-the-convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html. Accessed September 12, 2020.
14. Meghdadi MM. Protection of People with Disabilities from Jurisprudence Approach and Consideration of Comprehensive Law of Protecting People with Disabilities. Quarterly Journal Religion and law 2017; 4(13): 205-241.
15. Habibi M, Ezzatian Sh, Mohaghegh nasab E. Some lessons from Children participation in the design process of child-friendly urban spaces (Case study: the city of Sade Lenjan). Motaleate shahri Quarterly 2019; 8(29): 111-120.
16. Our cities. Our lives. Our future. Child Friendly Cities Child & Youth Manifesto. Unicef: 2019 October. P. 1-6. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/iran/media/2061/file/Child%20Friendly%20Cities%20Child%20&%20Youth%20Manifesto.pdf. Accessed September 14, 2020.
17. Shiani M. Children's Social Participation. Social Welfare Quarterly 2003; 2(7): 15-30.
18. Abbasi M, Rezaee R, Dehghani G. Concept and situation of the right to health in Iran legal system. Medical Law Journal. 2014; 8(30): 183-199.
19. Health and Human Rights Resource Guide, How is children’s health a human rights issue?. 2014. para.1. Available at:
https://www.hhrguide.org/2014/03/16/how-is-childrens-health-a-human rightsissue/. Last visited September 13, 2020.
20. Rahimi G. World Health Organization. Paramedical Sciences and Military Health 2010; 5(1): 53-56.
21. Mirsardoo T. Social Capital and Urban Health (Case of Study: Garmsar City). Journal of Iranian Social Development Studies(JISDS) 2014; 6(3): 87-95.
22. Introduction of the General Directorate of Health. Duties.
Available at:
http://farhangi.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=974#333380-. Last visited September 11, 2020.
23. Shiani M. Poverty, Deprivation, and Citizenship in iran. Social Welfare Quarterly 2005; 5(18): 41-64.
24. Abbasian E, Nasrindoost M. Child Poverty: Definitions and Experiences. Social Welfare Quarterly 2010; 9(35): 11-50.
25. Asadinejad SM, Rostamichelkasari E, Moradi F. The Right of a Child's Education and Training in Iran's law and Human Rights Documents. Family Law and Jurisprudence Journal 2015; 20(62): 173-194.
26. UN Economic and Social Council. UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No.13: The Right to Education (Art.13 of the Covenant). 1999. P. 1. Available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/4538838c22.html. Accessed September 13, 2020.
27. Mohammadi A, Zare M. Investigating Social Security in Margin Areas. Human Sciences Research Journal 2017; 3(15): 139-161.
28. Rafiee F, Sabaghgol M, Ebrahimi R. The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Promoting Human Security. International Conference on Human Security in West Asia(ICHSWA): 2008 November 26th 27th; Birjand, Iran.
29. Jafari-Langroudi M. Mabsoot Dictionary Terms of Law. Vol 1. 5th ed. Tehran: Ganjedanesh Publications; 2002. P. 641.
30. Rahnemaie MT, Pourmousavi SM. Investigating Security instabilities in Tehran Metropolitan Based on Urban Sustainable Development Indexes. Geographical Research Quarterly 2006; 38(57): 177-193.
31. Mohseni RA. The Sociological Analyzes of Social Security and its Role in Preventing of Crime and Social Deviance. Order and Security Guards 2010; 2(4): 1-23.
32. Sadeghsabery MJ, Ghadarjani R, Hajianzeydi M. Designing Children's Social Action Space in the Open Space of Residential Complexes with a Creative and Social Interaction Approach. Shebakmag 2016; 2(6): 13-27.
33. Kamran H, Parizadi T, Sahrai AH, Hosseini Amini H. Safety and Security in Urban Spaces with Passive Defense Approach Case Study: Region 5 of Tehran Metropolitan. Urban Management Studies 2011; 3(5): 33-57.
34. Kalantari Khalilabad H, Ardalani R, Seraji S, Pourahmad A. Planning of Secure Urban Spaces based on Sexual Differentiation through CPTED Approach (Case Study: Farhangian Area, Bonab City). Iranian-Islamic City Studies Quarterly 2013; 12: 15-26.
35. Rafiee AR, Farzadbehtash MR. Investigating the Status of Adaptation of Urban Spaces for Children. Tehran Urban Research & Planning Center 2013; 9-36. Available at:
https://bayanbox.ir/view/2719212646003645507.
36. Karbalaei Hosseini Qiyasvand A, Hosseini J. Lovely city investigated the characteristics of children looked (Case study: the two municipal district of Qazvin). Motaleate shahri Quarterly 2014; 3(9): 59-68.
37. Moradpoor M. The Evaluation of Planning and Golbahar New City Designing with Emphasize on City Criteria of Child Devotee. Master of Science. Iran: Hakim Sabzevari University; 2016. 152p.
38. Shieh E. Responsive Urban Environment for Children. 2th ed. Tehran: NashreShahr Publications; 2007. P. 18.
