بررسی دوگونه سرمایه‌گذار و رشددهنده به‌عنوان بازیگران کلیدی اکوسیستم کارآفرینی
محورهای موضوعی : اکوسیستم‌های کارآفرینی و نوآوریعباسعلی کارشناس 1 , نیما گروسی مختارزاده 2
1 - دانشگاه تهران
2 - دانشگاه تهران
کلید واژه: اکوسیستم بازیگران تعاملات سرمایه‌گذاران رشددهنده,
چکیده مقاله :
جایگاه کسب‌و‌کارهای نوپا و نوآور در اقتصاد و نقش آنها در حل مسائل و چالش‌های کشورها روزبه‌روز در حال پررنگ‌ترشدن می‌باشد. برخی از کشورها با آگاهی به موقع از اهمیت و جایگاه این کسب‌وکارها توانسته‌اند از طریق تجزیه و تحلیل صحیح و متعاقباً اتخاذ سیاست‌ها و اقدامات درست به شکل‌گیری و رشد اکوسیستم مناسب و حمایت‌کننده برای این کسب‌وکارها کمک کنند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف توصیف و بررسی اکوسیستم کارآفرینی ایران و ارائه راهکارهایی جهت رشد و توسعه آن تعریف گردید. در این راستا با انجام مطالعه گسترده ادبیات، کنشگران این اکوسیستم تعیین و معرفی گردید و سپس با توجه به اهمیت و نقش حیاتی "سرمایه‌گذاران و رشددهندگان" در جهت بهبود و تسریع تکامل اکوسیستم این دو کنشگر کلیدی و تعاملات آنها مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. بر این اساس، تصورات گروه‌های سرمایه‌گذار نسبت به رشددهندگان، با توجه خاص به جنبه‌های سهم رشددهندگان در شرکت‌های نوپا و همکاری بین رشددهندگان و گروه‌های سرمایه‌گذار از طریق پرسشنامه استخراج و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل توصیفی قرار گرفت. براساس نتایج درخصوص ویژگی‌های سهم رشددهندگان اکوسیستم در شرکت‌های نوپا، گروه‌های سرمایه‌گذار عوامل غربالگری استارتاپ، آموزش کارآفرینی و دسترسی به مشاور را مواردی می‌دانند که رشددهندگان از طریق آنها بیشترین ارزش را به کارآفرینان می‌دهند. همچنین یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که جنبه‌هایی از سهم رشددهندگان در شرکت‌های نوپایی که گروه‌های سرمایه‌گذار برای آنها ارزش بالایی قایل هستند، ارزیابی استارتاپ‌ها و آموزش کارآفرینی می‌باشد.
The position of innovative businesses in the economy and their role in solving the problems and challenges of the countries is becoming increasingly significant. Some countries, with the timely awareness of the importance and position of these businesses, have been able to help through the proper analysis and consequently the adoption of policies and actions to help shape and grow an appropriate and supportive ecosystem for these businesses. They do. The present study was aimed at describing and reviewing the ecosystem of native Iranian businesses and providing solutions for its development and development. In this regard, by conducting extensive literature studies, the actors of this ecosystem are identified and introduced. Then, considering the importance and vital role of "investors and growers" in improving and accelerating the evolution of the ecosystem, these two key actors and their interactions were analyzed and analyzed. The perceptions of investment groups towards growers, with particular attention to the aspects of the share of growth in emerging companies and the collaboration between growth and investment groups, were extracted and analyzed through a questionnaire. Took Based on the results of the characteristics of the contribution of ecosystem growers to emerging companies, investment groups identify start-up screening factors, entrepreneurship education, and access to counseling by those that growers give the most value to entrepreneurs through them. Findings also show that aspects of the share of growth in emerging companies, which the capitalist groups have high value for them, is the evaluation of startups and entrepreneurship education.
1- Kane, T. J, The importance of startups in job creation and job destruction. Kauffman Foundation Research Series: Firm Formation and Economic Growth, 2010.
2- Peng, M. W. How entrepreneurs create wealth in transition economies. The Academy of Management Executive, 15(1), 95–108, 2001.
3- Audretsch, D. B. Entrepreneurship: A survey of the literature. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities Luxembourg, 2003.
4- OECD. The Impact of the Global Crisis on SME and Entrepreneurship Financing and Policy Responses. Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, and Local Development, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Paris, 2009.
5- Herrmann, B. L., Gauthier, J. F., Holtschke, D., Berman, R., & Marmer, M. The Global Startup Ecosystem Ranking 2018. Tech. rep., Compass, 2018.
6- Mason, C., & Brown, R. Entrepreneurial ecosystems and growth oriented entrepreneurship. Final Report to OECD, Paris, 2018.
7- Blank, S. Why the lean start-up changes everything. Harvard Business Review, 91(5), 63–72, 2013.
8- Neck, H. M., Meyer, G. D., Cohen, B., & Corbett, A. C. An entrepreneurial system view of new venture creation. Journal of Small Business Management, 42(2), 190–208, 2004.
9- Isenberg, D. The entrepreneurship ecosystem strategy as a new paradigm for economic policy: Principles for cultivating entrepreneurship. Presentation at the Institute of International and European Affairs, 2011.
10- Spilling, O. R. The entrepreneurial system: On entrepreneurship in the context of a mega-event. Journal of Business Research, 36(1), 91–103, 1996.
11- Hearn Greg, Pace Cassandra. Value- creating ecologies: understanding next generation business systems, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, ISSN 6689-1463, Emerald Group Publishing, Vol. 8, pp. 55-65, 2006.
12- Sui D. Z. Economy as ecosystem: Knowledge management, organizational intelligenceand learning and complexity, 2006.
13- Inoue T., Nagayama S. "Strategic types and performance of niche-firms within business ecosystems: A study of the Japanese video game industry: Waseda Business & Economic Studies, Vol. 47, 2011.
14- Moore James F. Business ecosystems and the view from the firm: The Antitrust Bulletin, 2005.
15- Moore James F. Predators and Prey: A New Ecology of competition, Harvard Business Review, 1993.
16- Gnyawali, D. R., & Fogel, D. S. Environments for entrepreneurship development: key dimensions and research implications. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18, 43, 1994.
17- Isenberg, D. Introducing the Entrepreneurship Ecosystem: Four Defining Characteristics, 2011.
18- Tripathi, Nirnaya, Pertti Seppänen, Ganesh Boominathan, Markku Oivo, and Kari Liukkunen. "Insights into startup ecosystems through exploration of multi-vocal literature." Information and Software Technology 105, 2019.
19- Autio, Erkko, Martin Kenney, Philippe Mustar, Don Siegel, and Mike Wright. "Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context." Research Policy 43, no. 7, 2014.
20- Karhiniemi M. Creating and sustaining successful business ecosystems, Heslsinki: HELSINKI SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS (HSE), 2009.
21- Davenport T., Leibold M., Voelpel S. Strategic Management in the Innovation Economy. Bremen: A Joint Publication of Publicis Corporate, 2006.
22- Mota, D., Nodehi, T., Zutshi, A., Grilo, A., & Cruz-Machado, V. What is a Digital Entrepreneurship Ecosystem: Players and Processes. In International Conclave On Innovations in Engineering & Management (ICIEM-2016) (pp. 298–307), 2016.
23- A.-P.F. Berlin, Startup Cities. http://apwberlin.de/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/APW-2016_Startup-Cities.pdf, 2016 (accessed November 1, 2016).
24- A. Sharma, What Tech-Enabled Startups Should Do to Grow in a Turbulent Economy. http://www.pcquest.com/what-tech-enabled-startups-should-do-to-grow-in-a-turbulent-economy/, 2016 (accessed November 1, 2016).
25- F. Kon, D. Cukier, C. Melo, O. Hazzan, H. Yuklea, A Conceptual Framework for Software Startup Ecosystems: the case of Israel. Technical Report RT-MAC-2015-01, June 2015.
26- J. Elias, Building Small Town Startup Ecosystems, On Connection at a Time. https://www.startupgrind.com/blog/building-small-town-startup-ecosystems-on-connection-at-a-time/, 2016 (accessed November 1, 2016).
27- R. Works, Differentiating Our Startup Ecosystem: Virginia the New Leader in Entrepreneurship - Richmond at the Center. http://www.richmondeda.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=mOjBZ95p_c8%3D&portalid=0, 2014 (accessed November 1, 2016).
28- Bathelt, H., Kogler, D. F., & Munro, A. K. ‘A knowledge-based typology of university spin-offs in the context of regional economic development’, Technovation, 30(9), 519–532, 2010.
29- Isabelle, D. A. Key Factors Affecting a Technology Entrepreneur’s Choice of Incubator or Accelerator. Technology Innovation Management Review, 3(2), 2013.
30- Dee, N., Gill, D., Weinberg, C., & McTavish, S. Startup support programmes: What’s the difference? , 2015.
31- Davila, A., Foster, G., & Gupta, M. Venture capital financing and the growth of startup firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(6), 689–708, 2003.
32- Wiltbank, R. E., & Association, B. B. A. Siding with the Angels: Business Angel investing-promising outcomes and effective strategies. NESTA, 2009.
33- Joseph P. Eshun Jr, Business incubation as strategy, Business Strategy Series, Vol. 10, No. 3, page 156, 2009.
34- CSES. Benchmarking of Business Incubators. Retrieved from http://www.cses.co.uk/upl/File/Benchmarking-Business-Incubators-main-report-Part1.pdf, 2002.
35- Lesáková, L. The Role of Business Incubators in Supporting the SME Start-up. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 9(3), 2012.
36- Bruneel, J., Ratinho, T., Clarysse, B., & Groen, A. The Evolution of Business Incubators: Comparing demand and supply of business incubation services across different incubator generations. Technovation, 32, 110–121, 2012.
37- Lalkaka, R. Best practices in business incubation: Lessons (yet to be) learned. In International Conference on Business Centers: Actors for Economic & Social Development. Brussels, November pp. 14–15, 2001.
38- Aerts, K., Matthyssens, P., & Vandenbempt, K. Critical role and screening practices of European business incubators. Technovation, 27(5), 254–267, 2007.
39- Smilor, R. W. Managing the incubator system: critical success factors to accelerate new company development. Engineering Management, IEEE Transactions on, (3), 146–155, 1987.
40- Cohen, S., & Hochberg, Y. V. Accelerating startups: The seed accelerator phenomenon. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2418000, 2014.
41- Fishback, B., Gulbranson, C. A., Litan, R. E., Mitchell, L., & Porzig, M. A. Finding Business’ Idols': A New Model to Accelerate Start-Ups. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1001926, 2007.
42- Miller, P., & Bound, K. The startup factories. Retrieved from http://www.nesta.org.uk/library/documents/StartupFactories.pdf, 2011.
43- Nesta. Startup accelerator programmes: a practice guide. Retrieved from https://www.nesta.org.uk/sites/default/files/startup_accelerator_programmes_practice_guide.pdf, 2014.
44- Seed-DB. Seed Accelerators & Groups. Retrieved May 11, 2016, from http://www.seed-db.com/accelerators, 2016.
45- Capdevila, I. Different inter-organizational collaboration approaches in coworkingspaces in Barcelona, 2014.
46- Gandini, A. The rise of coworking spaces: A literature review*. Ephemera, 15(1), 193, 2015.
47- Moriset, B. Building new places of the creative economy. The rise of coworking spaces. In 2nd Geography of Innovation, International Conference 2014. Utrecht University, Utrecht (The Netherlands), 2013.
48- U.S. Department of Commerce. The Innovative and Entrepreneurial University: Higher Education, Innovation & Entrepreneurship in Focus, 2013.
49- Florin, J., Karri, R., & Rossiter, N. Fostering entrepreneurial drive in business education: An attitudinal approach. Journal of Management Education, 31(1), 17–42, 2007.
50- Sá, C., Kretz, A., & Sigurdson, K. The State of Entrepreneurship Education in Ontario’s Colleges and Universities, 2014.
51- Miller, P., & Stacey, J. Good Incubation: The craft of supporting early–stage social ventures, 2014.
52- Cumming, D.J., Johan, S.A.; “Venture Capital and Private Equity Contracting, An International Perspective”; Academic Press Elsevier, 2nd Edition. 2014.
53- Kaplan, S. N., & Lerner, J. It ain’t broke: the past, present, and future of venture capital. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 22(2), 36–47, 2010.
54- Wilson, K. E. Financing high-growth firms: The role of angel investors, 2011.
55- Preston, S. L. Angel Financing for Entrepreneurs: Early-Stage Funding for Long-Term Success. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
56- EVCA. Survey on the economic and social impact of venture capital in Europe, 2002.
57- EVCA. Guide on private equity and venture capital. Retrieved from http://www.investeurope.eu/media/78722/guide-on-private-equity-and-venture-capital2007.pdf, 2007.
58- Zider, B. How venture capital works. Harvard Business Review, 76(6), 131–139, 1998.
59- Marcus, A., Malen, J., & Ellis, S. The Promise and Pitfalls of Venture Capital as an Asset Class for Clean Energy Investment: Research Questions for Organization and Natural Environment Scholars, 26(1), 2013.
60- Avdeitchikova, S. On the structure of the informal venture capital market in Sweden: developing investment roles. Venture Capital, 10(1), 55–85, 2008.
61- Fairchild, Richard, An entrepreneur's choice of venture capitalist or angel -financing: A behavioral game-theoretic approach, Journal of Business Venturing, 22, 359–374, 2011.
62- Van Osnabrugge, M. A comparison of business angel and venture capitalist investment procedures: An agency theory-based analysis. Venture Capital 2, 91–109, 2000.
63- Mitteness, C., Sudek, R. and Cardon, M. Angel investor characteristics that determin e whether perceived passion leads to higher evaluations of funding potential. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(5), 592 -606, 2012.
64- Mason, C., & Harrison, R. T. Annual report on the business angel market in the United Kingdom: 2008/09. Department for Business Innovation and Skills, 2010.
65- Riding, A. L. Business angels and love money investors: segments of the informal market for risk capital. Venture Capital, 10(4), 355–369, 2008.
66- Aernoudt, R. Business angels: should they fly on their own wings? Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, 1(2), 187–195, 1999.
67- Chahine, S., Filatotchev, I., & Wright, M. Venture capitalists, business angels, and performance of entrepreneurial IPOs in the UK and France. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 34(3-4), 505–528, 2007.
68- Callegati, E., Grandi, S., & Napier, G. Business Incubation and Venture Capital. An International Survey on Synergies and Challenges. Joint IPI/IKED Working Paper, 2005.
69- Klonowski, D., & Cumming, D. J. Business Incubation and Its Connection to Venture Capital. Venture Capital: Investment Strategies, Structures, and Policies, 111–129, 2010.
