«تفاوت» و «شدن»؛ فهم «دیگری» در روابط بینالملل از منظر رئالیسم انتقادی دیالکتیکی
الموضوعات :
1 - استاد تمام روابط بینالملل دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشجوی دکتری روابط بینالملل دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: رئالیسم انتقادی دیالکتیکی, دیگری, هستی¬شناسی, نااینهمانی, تفاوت و شدن, روابط بین¬الملل.,
ملخص المقالة :
در این مقاله، به دنبال پاسخ به این پرسش هستیم که «رئالیسم انتقادی دیالکتیکی، چه تأثیری بر فهم «دیگری» در روابط بینالملل دارد؟» فرضیة مقاله برای پاسخ به پرسش یادشده این است که رئالیسم انتقادی دیالکتیکی با پذیرش چندلایه بودن پدیدههای اجتماعی و هستیهای متکثر در معنای نااینهمانی در روابط بینالملل، دیالکتیک را نیز مکانیسم تغییر و شدن میداند که بر اثر آن، فهم متفاوتی از دیگری به‌مثابة هستی رئالیستی در روابط بینالملل شکل می‌گیرد. نگرش رئالیسم انتقادی دیالکتیکی را میتوان به عنوان رهیافت رهایی‌بخش در نظریه های پارادایم انتقادی برای شمول دیگریهای به حاشیه راندهشده به کار گرفت.
المصادر:
بلیکی، نورمن (1396) طراحی پژوهش¬های اجتماعی، ترجمه حسن چاوشیان، چاپ یازدهم، تهران، نشرنی.
حقیقت، سید صادق (1387) روش¬شناسی علوم سیاسی، چاپ دوم، قم، سازمان انتشارات دانشگاه مفید.
دهقانی فیروزآبادی، سید جلال (1394) نظریه¬ها و فرانظریه¬ها در روابط بین¬الملل، تهران، مخاطب.
سارتر، ژان¬پل (1389) هستی و نیستی: پدیده¬شناسی عالم هستی، ترجمه عنایت‌اللّه شکیباپور، تهران، دنیای کتاب.
سیدامامی، کاووس (1387) پژوهش در علوم سیاسی، چاپ دوم، تهران، دانشگاه امام صادق(ع).
چرنوف، فرد (1388) نظریه و زیرنظریه در روابط بین¬الملل: مفاهیم و تفسیرهای متعارض، ترجمه علیرضا طیب، تهران، نشرنی.
لِی¬سنس، آنتونی (1401) نظریة انتقادی رابرت کاکس: فراری یا پیشوای خلوت‌نشین؟، ترجمه حسین سلیمی و رامز محمودی، تهران، ابرار معاصر.
لویناس، امانوئل (1399) زمان و دیگری، ترجمه سمیرا رشیدپور، تهران، نشرنی.
مشیرزاده، حمیرا و حیدرعلی مسعودی (1396) «تکوین دیگری در میان دانش‌پژوهان روابط بینالملل در ایران»، فصلنامة سیاست جهانی، دورة ششم، شمارة دوم، صص 7-31.
ونت، الکساندر (1386) نظریة اجتماعی سیاست بین¬الملل، ترجمه حمیرا مشیرزاده، چاپ دوم، تهران، دفتر مطالعات سیاسی و بین¬المللی.
هایدگر، مارتین (1386) هستی و زمان، ترجمه سیاوش جمادی، تهران، ققنوس.
هگل، گئورگ ویلهلم فریدریش (1399) پدیدارشناسی روح، ترجمه محمد¬مهدی اردبیلی، سید مسعود حسینی، تهران، نشرنی.
هوسرل، ادموند (1381) تأملات دکارتی: مقدمه¬ای بر پدیده¬شناسی، ترجمه عبدالکریم رشیدیان، تهران، نشرنی.
Archer, Margaret; Bhaskar, Roy; Collier, Andrew; Lawson, Tony and Norrie, Alan, (Eds) (1998) Critical Realism: Essential Readings. New York: Routledge.
Ash, Steve (2022). Explaining Morality: Critical Realism and Moral Questions, New York: Routledge.
Bagley, Christopher; Sawyerr, Alice & Abubaker, Mahmoud (2016) “Dialectical Critical Realism: Grounded Values and Reflexivity in Social Science Research”, Advances in Applied Sociology, Vol.6, No.12, pp.400-419.
Bhaskar, Roy (1998) “Dialectical Critical Realism and Ethics”, in Margaret Arche, Roy Bhaska, Andrew Collier, Tony Lawson and Alan Norrie, eds., Critical Realism: Essential Readings. New York: Routledge.
--------------- (2000) From East to West: Odyssey of a Soul. London: Routledge. --------------- (2008a) Dialectic: The Puls of Freedom. New York: Routledge.
Bhaskar, Roy (2008b) A Realist Theory of Science. New York: Routledge.
--------------- (2009). Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation. New York, routledge.
--------------- (2010a) “Contexts of Interdisciplinarity: Interdisciplinarity and Climate Change”, in Roy Bhaskar, Cheryl Frank, Karl Georg Høyer, Petter Næss and Jenneth Parker, eds., Interdisciplinarity and Climate Change: Transforming Knowledge and Practice for Our Global Future New York: Routledge.
---------------- (2010b) Plato etc.: Problems of Philosophy and Their Resolution. New York: Routledge.
---------------- (2012a) Philsophy of Meta-reality: creativity, love, and freedom. New York: Routledge.
---------------- (2012b) Reflections on MetaReality: Transcendence, Emancipation and Everyday Life. New York: Routledge.
---------------- (2012c) From Science to Emancipation: Alienation and the Actuality of Enlightenment. New York: Routledge.
---------------- (2016) Enlightened Common Sense: The Philosophy of Critical Realism. New York: Routledge.
Bhaskar, Roy; Danermark, Berth and Price, Leigh (2018) Interdisciplinarity and Wellbeing: A Critical Realist General Theory of Interdisciplinarity. New York: Routledge. Buitrago, Sybille Reinke de and Resende, Erica (2019) “The Politics of Otherness: Illustrating the Identity/Alterity Nexus and Othering in IR”, in Jenny Edkins, ed., Handbook of Critical International Relations. New York: Routledge.
Brown, Andrew; Slater, Gary and Spencer, David A. (2002) “Driven to Abstraction? Critical Realism and the Search for the 'Inner Connection' of Social Phenomena”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol.26, No.6, pp.773-788.
Callinicos, Alex (2008) “Critical Realism and Beyond: Roy Bhaskar’s Dialectic”, in Jacques Bidet and Stathis Kouvelakis, eds., in Critical Companion to Contemporary Marxism (Volume 16). Netherlands: Brill Publishers.
Danermark, Berth; Ekström, Mats; Jakobsen, Liselotte and Karlsson, Jan Ch. (2002) Explaining Society: Critical Realism in the Social Sciences. London: Routledge. Dean, Kathryn (2004) “Laclau and Mouffe and the Discursive Turn: The Gains and the Losses”, in Jonathan Joseph, John Michael Roberts, eds., Realism Discourse and Deconstruction. USA and Canada: Routledge.
Edkins, Jenny (2019) Handbook of Critical International Relations. New York: Routledge.
Fluck, Matthew (2010) “Truth, Values and the Value of Truth in Critical International Relations Theory”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Volume.39, Issue.2, pp.259-278.
Gerrits, Lasse M. & Verweij, Stefan (2013) “Critical Realism as a Meta-Framework for Understanding the Relationships between Complexity and Qualitative Comparative Analysis”, Journal of Critical Realism, 12 (2), pp.166-182.
Gorski, Philip S. (2013) “What is Critical Realism? And Why Should You Care? ”, Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews, Vol.42, No.5, pp.658-670.
Gunnarsson, Lena (2020) “Why We Keep Separating the Inseparable: Dialecticising Intersectionality”, in Michiel van Ingen, Steph Grohmann and Lena Gunnarsson, eds., Critical Realism, Feminism, and Gender: A Reader. New York: Routledge.
Hall, Rodney B (2001) “Applying the “Self/Other” Nexus in International Relations”, International Studies Review, Volume.3, Issue.1, pp.101-111. Hartwig, Mervyn (2015). “Roy Bhaskar (1944–2014)”, the Economic and Labour Relations Review, Volume.26, Issue.1, pp.162–163.
Hesketh, Anthony and Fleetwood, Steve (2006) “Beyond Measuring the Human Resources Management–Organizational Performance Link: Applying Critical Realist Meta-Theory”, Organization, Vol.13, Issue.5, pp.677-699.
Høyer, Karl Georg (2010) “Technological Idealism: the Case of the Thorium Fuel Cycle”, in Roy Bhaskar, Cheryl Frank, Karl Georg Høyer, Petter Næss and Jenneth Parker, eds., Interdisciplinarity and Climate Change: Transforming Knowledge and Practice for our Global Future. New York: Routledge.
Judd, Donald (2003) Critical Realism and Composition Theory. London: Routledge.
Kavalski, Emilian (2018) the Guanxi of Relational International Theory. New York: Routledge.
Koopmans, Erica and Schiller, Catharine Understanding Causation in Healthcare: An Introduction to Critical Realism, Qualitative Health Research, Volume 32, Issue 8-9, pp.1207-1214.
López, José (2003) “Critical Realism: The Difference it makes, in Theory”, in by Justin Cruickshank, ed., Critical Realism: the Difference it Makes. New York: Routledge.
Luongo, Ben (2020) Critical realism in international relations, in Handbook of Critical International Relations. Edited by Steven C. Roach, USA and UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Lupovici, Amir (2013) “Me and the Other in International Relations: An Alternative Pluralist International Relations”, International Studies Perspectives, Vol.14, No.3, pp.235-254.
MacLennan, Gary and Thomas, Peter (2003) “Cultural Studies: Towards a Realist Intervention”, in Justin Cruickshank, ed., Critical Realism: the Difference it makes. New York: Routledge.
Menon, Tarun (2015) “Roy Bhaskar”, Social Scientist, Vol.43, No.1/2, pp. 83-86.
Nellhaus, Tobin (2010) Theatre, Communication, Critical Realism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Neumann, Iver (1995) Collective Identity Formation: Self and Other in International Relations. Italy: European University Institute.
Nicholson, John D; Brennan, Ross and Gerald Midgley (2014) “Gaining access to agency and structure in industrial marketing theory: A critical pluralist approach”, Marketing Theory, Vol.14, Issue.4, pp.1-22.
-------------- (2010) Dialectic and Difference: Dialectical Critical Realism and the Grounds of Justice. New York: Routledge.
-------------- (2024) “Dialectical Critical Realism, Complexity and the Psychology of Blame”, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, pp.1–18.
Nordin, Astrid H. M. and Smith, Graham M. (2019). Relating self and other in Chinese and Western thought, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 0, No. 0, 1–18.
Nunez, Iskra (2012) Critical Realist Activity Theory, a Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Doctoral Thesis), University of London Institute of Education, United Kingdom.
--------------- (2023) “On Integral Theory: an Exercise in Dialectical Critical Realism”, Journal of Critical Realism, Vol.22, N0.3, pp.431–444.
Odysseos, Louiza (2007) the Subject of Coexistence: Otherness in International Relations. United States of America: University of Minnesota Press.
Oliver, Alexandra (2014) Critical Realism in Contemporary Art (Doctoral Thesis), Dietrich School of Arts and Science: University of Pittsburgh, USA.
Pârvulescu, Radu Andrei (2020) “Roy Bhaskar’s Core Critical Realism and the Philosophy of Nancy Cartwright: Common Ground”, Science Letter, 15 march.
Patomaki, Heikki (2002) After International Relations: Critical realism and the (re)construction of world politics, New York: Routledge.
Prandini, Riccardo (2011) “Transcendental Realism and Critical Naturalism in Roy Bhaskar: the Return of Ontology in Scientific Social Research”, in Andrea M. Maccarini, Emmanuele Morandi and Riccardo Prandini, eds., Sociological realism. New York: Routledge.
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Sawyerr, Alice Akoshia Ayikaaley and Bagley, Christpher Adam (2017) Equality and Ethnic Identities. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Scambler, Graham and Scambler, Sasha (2015) “Theorizing Health Inequalities: The Untapped Potential of Dialectical Critical Realism”, Social Theory & Health, Vol.13, Issue.3/4, pp.340–354.
Scauso, Marcos S. (2021). Intersectional Decoloniality Reimagining International Relations and the Problem of Difference, New York: Routledge.
Schreiber, D. A. (2015) Joined-up Knowledge for a Joined-up World: Critical Realism, Philosophy of Meta-reality and the Emancipation in/of Anthropological Spirituality, an Exploration of Confluence (Dissertation), University of South Africa, Pretoria.
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بلیکی، نورمن (1396) طراحی پژوهش¬های اجتماعی، ترجمه حسن چاوشیان، چاپ یازدهم، تهران، نشرنی.
حقیقت، سید صادق (1387) روش¬شناسی علوم سیاسی، چاپ دوم، قم، سازمان انتشارات دانشگاه مفید.
دهقانی فیروزآبادی، سید جلال (1394) نظریه¬ها و فرانظریه¬ها در روابط بین¬الملل، تهران، مخاطب.
سارتر، ژان¬پل (1389) هستی و نیستی: پدیده¬شناسی عالم هستی، ترجمه عنایت‌اللّه شکیباپور، تهران، دنیای کتاب.
سیدامامی، کاووس (1387) پژوهش در علوم سیاسی، چاپ دوم، تهران، دانشگاه امام صادق(ع).
چرنوف، فرد (1388) نظریه و زیرنظریه در روابط بین¬الملل: مفاهیم و تفسیرهای متعارض، ترجمه علیرضا طیب، تهران، نشرنی.
لِی¬سنس، آنتونی (1401) نظریة انتقادی رابرت کاکس: فراری یا پیشوای خلوت‌نشین؟، ترجمه حسین سلیمی و رامز محمودی، تهران، ابرار معاصر.
لویناس، امانوئل (1399) زمان و دیگری، ترجمه سمیرا رشیدپور، تهران، نشرنی.
مشیرزاده، حمیرا و حیدرعلی مسعودی (1396) «تکوین دیگری در میان دانش‌پژوهان روابط بینالملل در ایران»، فصلنامة سیاست جهانی، دورة ششم، شمارة دوم، صص 7-31.
ونت، الکساندر (1386) نظریة اجتماعی سیاست بین¬الملل، ترجمه حمیرا مشیرزاده، چاپ دوم، تهران، دفتر مطالعات سیاسی و بین¬المللی.
هایدگر، مارتین (1386) هستی و زمان، ترجمه سیاوش جمادی، تهران، ققنوس.
هگل، گئورگ ویلهلم فریدریش (1399) پدیدارشناسی روح، ترجمه محمد¬مهدی اردبیلی، سید مسعود حسینی، تهران، نشرنی.
هوسرل، ادموند (1381) تأملات دکارتی: مقدمه¬ای بر پدیده¬شناسی، ترجمه عبدالکریم رشیدیان، تهران، نشرنی.
Archer, Margaret; Bhaskar, Roy; Collier, Andrew; Lawson, Tony and Norrie, Alan, (Eds) (1998) Critical Realism: Essential Readings. New York: Routledge.
Ash, Steve (2022). Explaining Morality: Critical Realism and Moral Questions, New York: Routledge.
Bagley, Christopher; Sawyerr, Alice & Abubaker, Mahmoud (2016) “Dialectical Critical Realism: Grounded Values and Reflexivity in Social Science Research”, Advances in Applied Sociology, Vol.6, No.12, pp.400-419.
Bhaskar, Roy (1998) “Dialectical Critical Realism and Ethics”, in Margaret Arche, Roy Bhaska, Andrew Collier, Tony Lawson and Alan Norrie, eds., Critical Realism: Essential Readings. New York: Routledge.
--------------- (2000) From East to West: Odyssey of a Soul. London: Routledge. --------------- (2008a) Dialectic: The Puls of Freedom. New York: Routledge.
Bhaskar, Roy (2008b) A Realist Theory of Science. New York: Routledge.
--------------- (2009). Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation. New York, routledge.
--------------- (2010a) “Contexts of Interdisciplinarity: Interdisciplinarity and Climate Change”, in Roy Bhaskar, Cheryl Frank, Karl Georg Høyer, Petter Næss and Jenneth Parker, eds., Interdisciplinarity and Climate Change: Transforming Knowledge and Practice for Our Global Future New York: Routledge.
---------------- (2010b) Plato etc.: Problems of Philosophy and Their Resolution. New York: Routledge.
---------------- (2012a) Philsophy of Meta-reality: creativity, love, and freedom. New York: Routledge.
---------------- (2012b) Reflections on MetaReality: Transcendence, Emancipation and Everyday Life. New York: Routledge.
---------------- (2012c) From Science to Emancipation: Alienation and the Actuality of Enlightenment. New York: Routledge.
---------------- (2016) Enlightened Common Sense: The Philosophy of Critical Realism. New York: Routledge.
Bhaskar, Roy; Danermark, Berth and Price, Leigh (2018) Interdisciplinarity and Wellbeing: A Critical Realist General Theory of Interdisciplinarity. New York: Routledge. Buitrago, Sybille Reinke de and Resende, Erica (2019) “The Politics of Otherness: Illustrating the Identity/Alterity Nexus and Othering in IR”, in Jenny Edkins, ed., Handbook of Critical International Relations. New York: Routledge.
Brown, Andrew; Slater, Gary and Spencer, David A. (2002) “Driven to Abstraction? Critical Realism and the Search for the 'Inner Connection' of Social Phenomena”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol.26, No.6, pp.773-788.
Callinicos, Alex (2008) “Critical Realism and Beyond: Roy Bhaskar’s Dialectic”, in Jacques Bidet and Stathis Kouvelakis, eds., in Critical Companion to Contemporary Marxism (Volume 16). Netherlands: Brill Publishers.
Danermark, Berth; Ekström, Mats; Jakobsen, Liselotte and Karlsson, Jan Ch. (2002) Explaining Society: Critical Realism in the Social Sciences. London: Routledge. Dean, Kathryn (2004) “Laclau and Mouffe and the Discursive Turn: The Gains and the Losses”, in Jonathan Joseph, John Michael Roberts, eds., Realism Discourse and Deconstruction. USA and Canada: Routledge.
Edkins, Jenny (2019) Handbook of Critical International Relations. New York: Routledge.
Fluck, Matthew (2010) “Truth, Values and the Value of Truth in Critical International Relations Theory”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Volume.39, Issue.2, pp.259-278.
Gerrits, Lasse M. & Verweij, Stefan (2013) “Critical Realism as a Meta-Framework for Understanding the Relationships between Complexity and Qualitative Comparative Analysis”, Journal of Critical Realism, 12 (2), pp.166-182.
Gorski, Philip S. (2013) “What is Critical Realism? And Why Should You Care? ”, Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews, Vol.42, No.5, pp.658-670.
Gunnarsson, Lena (2020) “Why We Keep Separating the Inseparable: Dialecticising Intersectionality”, in Michiel van Ingen, Steph Grohmann and Lena Gunnarsson, eds., Critical Realism, Feminism, and Gender: A Reader. New York: Routledge.
Hall, Rodney B (2001) “Applying the “Self/Other” Nexus in International Relations”, International Studies Review, Volume.3, Issue.1, pp.101-111. Hartwig, Mervyn (2015). “Roy Bhaskar (1944–2014)”, the Economic and Labour Relations Review, Volume.26, Issue.1, pp.162–163.
Hesketh, Anthony and Fleetwood, Steve (2006) “Beyond Measuring the Human Resources Management–Organizational Performance Link: Applying Critical Realist Meta-Theory”, Organization, Vol.13, Issue.5, pp.677-699.
Høyer, Karl Georg (2010) “Technological Idealism: the Case of the Thorium Fuel Cycle”, in Roy Bhaskar, Cheryl Frank, Karl Georg Høyer, Petter Næss and Jenneth Parker, eds., Interdisciplinarity and Climate Change: Transforming Knowledge and Practice for our Global Future. New York: Routledge.
Judd, Donald (2003) Critical Realism and Composition Theory. London: Routledge.
Kavalski, Emilian (2018) the Guanxi of Relational International Theory. New York: Routledge.
Koopmans, Erica and Schiller, Catharine Understanding Causation in Healthcare: An Introduction to Critical Realism, Qualitative Health Research, Volume 32, Issue 8-9, pp.1207-1214.
López, José (2003) “Critical Realism: The Difference it makes, in Theory”, in by Justin Cruickshank, ed., Critical Realism: the Difference it Makes. New York: Routledge.
Luongo, Ben (2020) Critical realism in international relations, in Handbook of Critical International Relations. Edited by Steven C. Roach, USA and UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Lupovici, Amir (2013) “Me and the Other in International Relations: An Alternative Pluralist International Relations”, International Studies Perspectives, Vol.14, No.3, pp.235-254.
MacLennan, Gary and Thomas, Peter (2003) “Cultural Studies: Towards a Realist Intervention”, in Justin Cruickshank, ed., Critical Realism: the Difference it makes. New York: Routledge.
Menon, Tarun (2015) “Roy Bhaskar”, Social Scientist, Vol.43, No.1/2, pp. 83-86.
Nellhaus, Tobin (2010) Theatre, Communication, Critical Realism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Neumann, Iver (1995) Collective Identity Formation: Self and Other in International Relations. Italy: European University Institute.
Nicholson, John D; Brennan, Ross and Gerald Midgley (2014) “Gaining access to agency and structure in industrial marketing theory: A critical pluralist approach”, Marketing Theory, Vol.14, Issue.4, pp.1-22.
-------------- (2010) Dialectic and Difference: Dialectical Critical Realism and the Grounds of Justice. New York: Routledge.
-------------- (2024) “Dialectical Critical Realism, Complexity and the Psychology of Blame”, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, pp.1–18.
Nordin, Astrid H. M. and Smith, Graham M. (2019). Relating self and other in Chinese and Western thought, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 0, No. 0, 1–18.
Nunez, Iskra (2012) Critical Realist Activity Theory, a Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Doctoral Thesis), University of London Institute of Education, United Kingdom.
--------------- (2023) “On Integral Theory: an Exercise in Dialectical Critical Realism”, Journal of Critical Realism, Vol.22, N0.3, pp.431–444.
Odysseos, Louiza (2007) the Subject of Coexistence: Otherness in International Relations. United States of America: University of Minnesota Press.
Oliver, Alexandra (2014) Critical Realism in Contemporary Art (Doctoral Thesis), Dietrich School of Arts and Science: University of Pittsburgh, USA.
Pârvulescu, Radu Andrei (2020) “Roy Bhaskar’s Core Critical Realism and the Philosophy of Nancy Cartwright: Common Ground”, Science Letter, 15 march.
Patomaki, Heikki (2002) After International Relations: Critical realism and the (re)construction of world politics, New York: Routledge.
Prandini, Riccardo (2011) “Transcendental Realism and Critical Naturalism in Roy Bhaskar: the Return of Ontology in Scientific Social Research”, in Andrea M. Maccarini, Emmanuele Morandi and Riccardo Prandini, eds., Sociological realism. New York: Routledge.
Rumelili, Bahar (2007) Constructing Regional Community and Order in Europe and Southeast Asia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sawyerr, Alice Akoshia Ayikaaley and Bagley, Christpher Adam (2017) Equality and Ethnic Identities. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Scambler, Graham and Scambler, Sasha (2015) “Theorizing Health Inequalities: The Untapped Potential of Dialectical Critical Realism”, Social Theory & Health, Vol.13, Issue.3/4, pp.340–354.
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