نقش دانش بازار و دانش فن آوری در تشخیص و بهره برداری از فرصتهای کارآفرینانه در صنایع غذایی ایران
الموضوعات :
1 - دانشگاه تهران
الکلمات المفتاحية: دانش بازار, دانش فن آوری, تشخیص فرصت,
ملخص المقالة :
کارآفرینی را می توان بصورت خلاصه تشخیص و بهره برداری از فرصتها تعریف نمود و تشخیص فرصت نقشی اساسی در این فرآیند ایفا می نماید. كارآفرين ميبايست محيط بازار را خوب درك نموده، نيروهاي مشتق و عوامل بحراني را شناسايي كرده و به رابطه پوياي واقعي در بين اين اجزا پي ببرد. از طرف دیگر برخی نقش کارآفرین را بازسازی یا منقلب کننده الگوی تولید از طریق بهره برداری از یک اختراع یا یک راه حل فن آورانه که قبلاً بکار گرفته نشده، درحالیکه تولید را بهبود می بخشد و یا محصولات جدیدی را خلق می نماید، می دانند. در این تحقیق که از نوع توصيفي - اكتشافي می باشد، با رویکرد پژوهشی، بر روی مطالعات حوزه تشخیص فرصتهای کارآفرینانه استوار بوده و مدل مفهومی جدیدی در زمينه تاثیر دانش بازار و دانش فن آوری بصورت مستقیم و در تعامل با یکدیگر، بر روی تشخیص و بهره برداری از فرصتها را ارائه می نماید. این مدل مفهومی بر اساس آرای دیگر محققان تدوین و با استفاده از نظرات خبرگان حوزه صنایع غذایی و دانشگاهی مورد آزمایش قرار گرفته و سپس تحلیل و روایی آن بررسی گردیده است. این مدل می تواند به عنوان راهنمایی برای سیاستگذاران دولتی، صاحبان صنایع و محققان در جهت دهی فعالیتهای کارآفرینانه مبتنی بر دانش مورد استفاده قرار گیرد
المصادر:
احمدپور داریانی، م. (1381). کارآفرینی: تعاریف، نظریات و الگوها. تهران: پردیس 57.
Alvarez, S. A. & Barney, J. B. (2007). Discovery and creation: Alternative theories of entrepreneurial action. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1, 11-26.
Amato, S., Esposito Vinzi, V., Tenenhaus, M. (2004).A global goodness-of-fit index for PLS structural equation modeling Oral Communication to PLS Club. France: HEC School of Management,
Ardichvili, A. & Cardozo, R. & Ray, S. (2003). A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development.Journal of Business Venturing 18, 105–123.
Baron, R.A. (2004). The cognitive perspective: A valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship’s “why” questions. Journal of Business Venturing, 19, 221-240.
Baron,R. A.(2006). Opportunity recognition as pattern recognition: How entrepreneurs “connect the dots” to identify new business opportunity. Academy of management perspectives, December, 104-119.
Blenker, P., Philipsen, K. & Damgaard, T. (2005). How do we talk about market creation? Towards a language of opportunity enactment.2nd Symposium on the Entrepreneurship - Innovation - Marketing Interface. Karlsruhe, Germany.
Blomstermo, A., Eriksson, K., Lindstrand, A. & Sharma, D. D. (2004).The perceived usefulness ofnetwork experiential knowledge in the internationalizing firm.Journal of InternationalManagement, 10(3), 355-373.
Buenstorf, G. (2007). Creation and Pursuit of Entrepreneurial Opportunities: An Evolutionary Economics Perspective. Small Business Economics,28(4), 323-337.
Casson, M. (1982).The Entrepreneur: An Economic Theory. Totowa, N. J.: Barnes & Noble.
Casson, M. & Wadeson, N. (2007). The discovery of opportunities: Extending the economic theory of the entrepreneur. Small Business Economics, 28(4), 285-300.
D’Souza, R. R. & Schenkel, M. T. (2010).A Study of the Antecedents to and Effects of Opportunity Variation. USASBE_2010.
Daft, R. L., Lengel, R. H. (1986). Organizational information requirements, media richness, and structural design. Management Science, 32, 554-571.
Davenport E., Williams C., Sterne J., Sivapathasundram V, Fearne J., Curtis M. (1998). The East London study of maternal chronic periodontal disease and preterm low birth weight infants: study design and prevalence data. Ann Periodontol 3:213-221.
Denrell, J., Fang, C. & Winter, S. G. (2003).The economics of strategic opportunity.Strategic Management Journal, 24, 977-990.
Dew, N. (2009).Serendipity in entrepreneurship.Organization Studies, 30(7), 735-753.
Doganova, L. &Eyquem-Renault, M. (2009). What do business models do? Innovation devices in technology entrepreneurship.Research Policy, 38, 1559-1570.
Dorf, R. C. & Byers, T. H. (2005).Technology ventures: From idea to enterprise. Boston, MA: McGrawHill.
Eckhardt, J. T. & Shane, S. A. (2003).Opportunities and entrepreneurship.Journal of management, 29(3), 333-349.
Fiet, J. O. (2002). The Systematic Search for Entrepreneurial Discoveries. Westport: Quorum Books.
Figueroa, E. & Conceicao, P. (2000).Rethinking the innovation process in large organizations: a case study of 3M.Journal of Engineering And Technology Management, 17, 93-109.
Foss, N. J. & Klein, P. G. (2010).Alertness, action, and the antecedents of entrepreneurship. The Journal of Private Enterprise 25(2), 145-164.
Gaglio, C. (2004). The role of mental simulations and counterfactual thinking in the opportunity identification process.Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 28(6), 533-553.
Gaglio, M. & Katz, J. A. (2001). The psychological basis of opportunity identification: Entrepreneurial alertness. Small Business Economics, 16(2), 95-111.
Gartner, W. B. (1989).Some suggestions for research on entrepreneurial traits and characteristics.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(1), 27-38.
Gartner, W.B. (1985). A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation.Academy of Management Review 10(4), 696-706.
Haynie, J. M., Shepherd, D. A., & McMullen, J. S. (2009). An opportunity for me?The role of resources in opportunity evaluation decisions.Journal of Management Studies, 46,337-389.
Hill, S. A. & Birkinshaw, J. M. (2010). Idea sets: Conceptualizing and measuring a new unit of analysis in entrepreneurship research. Organizational Research Methods, 13(1), 85-113.
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195-204.
Kim, P., Aldrich, H. & Keister, L. (2006). Access (Not) Denied: The Impact of Financial,Human, and Cultural Capital on Entrepreneurial Entryin the United States. SmallBusiness Economics, 27(1), 5-22.
Kirzner, I. M. (1973).Competition and Entrepreneurship.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kirzner, I. M. (1979).Perception, opportunity and profit: Studies in the theory of entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kirzner, I. M. (1985), Discovery and the capitalist process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kirzner, I. M. (1997). Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(1), 60-85.
Kirzner, I. M. (1999). Creativity and/or alertness: A reconsideration of the Schumpeterian entrepreneur. Review of Austrian Economics, 11, 5-17.
Klevorick, A., Levin, R., Nelson, R. &Winter, S. (1995). On the sources of significance of interindustry differences in technological opportunities.Research Policy, 24, 185-205.
Krueger, N.J. & Brazeal, D.H. (1994).Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19(3), 91-104.
McKelvie, A. & Wiklund, J. (2004). How knowledge affects opportunity discovery and exploitation among new ventures in dynamic markets. In J. Butler (Ed.), Research in entrepreneurship and management Vol. 4, (pp.219-240). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
Mitchell, J. R. & Shepherd, D. A. (2010). To thine own self be true: Images of self, images of opportunity, and entrepreneurial action. Journal of Business Venturing, 25, 138-154.
Narayanan, V. K., Yang, Y. & Zahra, S. A. (2009).Corporate venturing and value creation: A review and proposed framework. Research Policy, 38, 58-76.
Neely, A., Marr, B., Roos, G., Pike, S. & Gupta, O. (2003).Towards the third generation of performance measurement.Controlling, 3, 129-135.
Nemeth, C. (1997). Managing innovation: When less is more. California Management Review, 40(1), 59-74.
O’Connor, G. C. (1998). Market learning and radical innovation: A cross case comparison of eight radical innovation projects. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 15, 151-166.
Park, J. S. (2005). Opportunity recognition and product innovation in entrepreneurial hi-tech start-ups: A new perspective and supporting case study. Journal of Technovation, 25, 739-752.
Ringle, C.M., Sarstedt, M. & Straub,D. W. (2012). A Critical Look at the Use of PLS-SEM in MIS Quarterly, MIS Quarterly,36(1)
Saemundsson, R. & Dahlstrand, A. L. (2005). How business opportunities constrainyoung technology based firms from growing into medium-sized firms. Small Business Economics, 24, 113-129.
Sanders, M. (2005).The origin of technical change; Knowledge generation, opportunities and entrepreneurship.Discussion paper prepared for Entrepreneurship and Growth: The nature of opportunity.
Santos, F. M. & Eisenhardt, K.M. (2009). Constructing markets and shaping boundaries: entrepreneurial power in nascent fields. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 643-671.
Sarasvathy, S. D., Dew, N., Velamuri, S. R. & Venkataraman, S. (2003). Three views of entrepreneurial opportunity. In Z. Acs(Ed.), Handbook of entrepreneurship (pp. 141-160). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Press.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development.Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Shane, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4), 448-469.
Shane, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-Opportunity Nexus. heltenham,UK: Edward Elgar.
Shane, S., Nicolaou, N., Cherkas, L. & Spector, T. D. (2010). Do openness to experience and recognizing opportunities have the same genetic source? Human Resource Management, 49(2), 291-303.
Shane, S. & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research. Academy of Management Review, 25, 217-226.
Shepherd, D. A. & DeTienne, D. R. (2002).Discovery of opportunity: Anomalies, accumulation and alertness. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, MA: Babson College.
Simon, H.A. (1991). Making management decisions: the role of intuition and emotion, In: J. Kelly, J. B. Prince, B. Asfort (Eds.), Organizational Behaviour, 2nd edition(pp. 314–324).Prentice Hall: New-Jersey.
Singh, R. P. (2001). A comment on developing the field of entrepreneurship through the study of opportunity recognition and exploitation.The Academy of Management Review,26(1), 10-12.
Stevenson, H. H. & Gumpert, D. E. (1985).The Heart of Entrepreneurship.Harvard Business Review, 63, 85-94.
Takayama, M. & Watanabe, C. (2002).Myth of market needs and technology seeds as a source of product innovation - an analysis of pharmaceutical new product development in an anti-hypertensive product innovation.Technovation, 22, 353-362.
Tang, J., Kacmar, K. M. & Busenitz, L. (2010).Entrepreneurial Alertness in the Pursuit of New Opportunities.Journal of Business Venturing, In Press.
Thieme, R. J. & Song, M. (2002).The effect of market intelligence acquisition on radical product innovation performance in entrepreneurial firms.American Marketing Association Conference Proceedings, Chicago.
Vaghely, I. P. & Julien, P. A. (2010). Are opportunities recognized or constructed? An information perspective on entrepreneurial opportunity identification.Journal of Business Venturing, 25, 73–86.
Van de Ven, A.H. (1986). Central problems in the management of innovation.Management Science, 32, 590-607.
Venkataraman, S. (1997).The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. In J. A. Katz (Ed.), Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth (Vol. 3, pp. 119–138). Greenwich, CT:JAI Press.
Von Hippel, E. (1988). The sources of innovation.New York: Oxford University Press.
Wahab, S. A., Rose, R.C., Uli, J. & Abdullah, H. (2009).Relationships between Knowledge, Technology Recipient, Technology Supplier, Relationship Characteristics and Degree of Inter-Firm Technology Transfer.European Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1), 86-102.
Ward, T. B. (2004). Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship.Journal of Business Venturing, 19, 173-188.
Webb, J. W., Ketchen Jr., D. J. & Ireland R. D. (2010). Strategic entrepreneurship within family-controlled firms: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 1, 67-77.
Wennberg, K., Wiklund, J., DeTienne, D. R. & Cardon, M. S. (2010). Reconceptualizing entrepreneurial exit: Divergent exit routes and their drivers. Journal of Business Venturing, 25, 361–375.
Westhead, P., Ucbasaran, D. & Wright, M. (2009).Information search and opportunity identification.International Small Business Journal, 27(6), 659-680.
Wiklund, J. & Shepherd, D. (2008). Portfolio entrepreneurship, habitual and novice founders, new entry and mode of organizing. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice32, 701–25.
Wu, D. (2009). Measuring Performance in Small and Medium Enterprises in the Information & Communication Technology Industries. RMIT University.
Zahra, S.A.,Keil, T. & Maula, M.V. (2005).New ventures’ inward licensing: examining theeffects of industry and strategy characteristics. European Management Review, 2(3), 154-166.
احمدپور داریانی، م. (1381). کارآفرینی: تعاریف، نظریات و الگوها. تهران: پردیس 57.
Alvarez, S. A. & Barney, J. B. (2007). Discovery and creation: Alternative theories of entrepreneurial action. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1, 11-26.
Amato, S., Esposito Vinzi, V., Tenenhaus, M. (2004).A global goodness-of-fit index for PLS structural equation modeling Oral Communication to PLS Club. France: HEC School of Management,
Ardichvili, A. & Cardozo, R. & Ray, S. (2003). A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development.Journal of Business Venturing 18, 105–123.
Baron, R.A. (2004). The cognitive perspective: A valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship’s “why” questions. Journal of Business Venturing, 19, 221-240.
Baron,R. A.(2006). Opportunity recognition as pattern recognition: How entrepreneurs “connect the dots” to identify new business opportunity. Academy of management perspectives, December, 104-119.
Blenker, P., Philipsen, K. & Damgaard, T. (2005). How do we talk about market creation? Towards a language of opportunity enactment.2nd Symposium on the Entrepreneurship - Innovation - Marketing Interface. Karlsruhe, Germany.
Blomstermo, A., Eriksson, K., Lindstrand, A. & Sharma, D. D. (2004).The perceived usefulness ofnetwork experiential knowledge in the internationalizing firm.Journal of InternationalManagement, 10(3), 355-373.
Buenstorf, G. (2007). Creation and Pursuit of Entrepreneurial Opportunities: An Evolutionary Economics Perspective. Small Business Economics,28(4), 323-337.
Casson, M. (1982).The Entrepreneur: An Economic Theory. Totowa, N. J.: Barnes & Noble.
Casson, M. & Wadeson, N. (2007). The discovery of opportunities: Extending the economic theory of the entrepreneur. Small Business Economics, 28(4), 285-300.
D’Souza, R. R. & Schenkel, M. T. (2010).A Study of the Antecedents to and Effects of Opportunity Variation. USASBE_2010.
Daft, R. L., Lengel, R. H. (1986). Organizational information requirements, media richness, and structural design. Management Science, 32, 554-571.
Davenport E., Williams C., Sterne J., Sivapathasundram V, Fearne J., Curtis M. (1998). The East London study of maternal chronic periodontal disease and preterm low birth weight infants: study design and prevalence data. Ann Periodontol 3:213-221.
Denrell, J., Fang, C. & Winter, S. G. (2003).The economics of strategic opportunity.Strategic Management Journal, 24, 977-990.
Dew, N. (2009).Serendipity in entrepreneurship.Organization Studies, 30(7), 735-753.
Doganova, L. &Eyquem-Renault, M. (2009). What do business models do? Innovation devices in technology entrepreneurship.Research Policy, 38, 1559-1570.
Dorf, R. C. & Byers, T. H. (2005).Technology ventures: From idea to enterprise. Boston, MA: McGrawHill.
Eckhardt, J. T. & Shane, S. A. (2003).Opportunities and entrepreneurship.Journal of management, 29(3), 333-349.
Fiet, J. O. (2002). The Systematic Search for Entrepreneurial Discoveries. Westport: Quorum Books.
Figueroa, E. & Conceicao, P. (2000).Rethinking the innovation process in large organizations: a case study of 3M.Journal of Engineering And Technology Management, 17, 93-109.
Foss, N. J. & Klein, P. G. (2010).Alertness, action, and the antecedents of entrepreneurship. The Journal of Private Enterprise 25(2), 145-164.
Gaglio, C. (2004). The role of mental simulations and counterfactual thinking in the opportunity identification process.Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 28(6), 533-553.
Gaglio, M. & Katz, J. A. (2001). The psychological basis of opportunity identification: Entrepreneurial alertness. Small Business Economics, 16(2), 95-111.
Gartner, W. B. (1989).Some suggestions for research on entrepreneurial traits and characteristics.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(1), 27-38.
Gartner, W.B. (1985). A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation.Academy of Management Review 10(4), 696-706.
Haynie, J. M., Shepherd, D. A., & McMullen, J. S. (2009). An opportunity for me?The role of resources in opportunity evaluation decisions.Journal of Management Studies, 46,337-389.
Hill, S. A. & Birkinshaw, J. M. (2010). Idea sets: Conceptualizing and measuring a new unit of analysis in entrepreneurship research. Organizational Research Methods, 13(1), 85-113.
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195-204.
Kim, P., Aldrich, H. & Keister, L. (2006). Access (Not) Denied: The Impact of Financial,Human, and Cultural Capital on Entrepreneurial Entryin the United States. SmallBusiness Economics, 27(1), 5-22.
Kirzner, I. M. (1973).Competition and Entrepreneurship.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kirzner, I. M. (1979).Perception, opportunity and profit: Studies in the theory of entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kirzner, I. M. (1985), Discovery and the capitalist process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kirzner, I. M. (1997). Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(1), 60-85.
Kirzner, I. M. (1999). Creativity and/or alertness: A reconsideration of the Schumpeterian entrepreneur. Review of Austrian Economics, 11, 5-17.
Klevorick, A., Levin, R., Nelson, R. &Winter, S. (1995). On the sources of significance of interindustry differences in technological opportunities.Research Policy, 24, 185-205.
Krueger, N.J. & Brazeal, D.H. (1994).Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19(3), 91-104.
McKelvie, A. & Wiklund, J. (2004). How knowledge affects opportunity discovery and exploitation among new ventures in dynamic markets. In J. Butler (Ed.), Research in entrepreneurship and management Vol. 4, (pp.219-240). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
Mitchell, J. R. & Shepherd, D. A. (2010). To thine own self be true: Images of self, images of opportunity, and entrepreneurial action. Journal of Business Venturing, 25, 138-154.
Narayanan, V. K., Yang, Y. & Zahra, S. A. (2009).Corporate venturing and value creation: A review and proposed framework. Research Policy, 38, 58-76.
Neely, A., Marr, B., Roos, G., Pike, S. & Gupta, O. (2003).Towards the third generation of performance measurement.Controlling, 3, 129-135.
Nemeth, C. (1997). Managing innovation: When less is more. California Management Review, 40(1), 59-74.
O’Connor, G. C. (1998). Market learning and radical innovation: A cross case comparison of eight radical innovation projects. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 15, 151-166.
Park, J. S. (2005). Opportunity recognition and product innovation in entrepreneurial hi-tech start-ups: A new perspective and supporting case study. Journal of Technovation, 25, 739-752.
Ringle, C.M., Sarstedt, M. & Straub,D. W. (2012). A Critical Look at the Use of PLS-SEM in MIS Quarterly, MIS Quarterly,36(1)
Saemundsson, R. & Dahlstrand, A. L. (2005). How business opportunities constrainyoung technology based firms from growing into medium-sized firms. Small Business Economics, 24, 113-129.
Sanders, M. (2005).The origin of technical change; Knowledge generation, opportunities and entrepreneurship.Discussion paper prepared for Entrepreneurship and Growth: The nature of opportunity.
Santos, F. M. & Eisenhardt, K.M. (2009). Constructing markets and shaping boundaries: entrepreneurial power in nascent fields. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 643-671.
Sarasvathy, S. D., Dew, N., Velamuri, S. R. & Venkataraman, S. (2003). Three views of entrepreneurial opportunity. In Z. Acs(Ed.), Handbook of entrepreneurship (pp. 141-160). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Press.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development.Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Shane, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4), 448-469.
Shane, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-Opportunity Nexus. heltenham,UK: Edward Elgar.
Shane, S., Nicolaou, N., Cherkas, L. & Spector, T. D. (2010). Do openness to experience and recognizing opportunities have the same genetic source? Human Resource Management, 49(2), 291-303.
Shane, S. & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research. Academy of Management Review, 25, 217-226.
Shepherd, D. A. & DeTienne, D. R. (2002).Discovery of opportunity: Anomalies, accumulation and alertness. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, MA: Babson College.
Simon, H.A. (1991). Making management decisions: the role of intuition and emotion, In: J. Kelly, J. B. Prince, B. Asfort (Eds.), Organizational Behaviour, 2nd edition(pp. 314–324).Prentice Hall: New-Jersey.
Singh, R. P. (2001). A comment on developing the field of entrepreneurship through the study of opportunity recognition and exploitation.The Academy of Management Review,26(1), 10-12.
Stevenson, H. H. & Gumpert, D. E. (1985).The Heart of Entrepreneurship.Harvard Business Review, 63, 85-94.
Takayama, M. & Watanabe, C. (2002).Myth of market needs and technology seeds as a source of product innovation - an analysis of pharmaceutical new product development in an anti-hypertensive product innovation.Technovation, 22, 353-362.
Tang, J., Kacmar, K. M. & Busenitz, L. (2010).Entrepreneurial Alertness in the Pursuit of New Opportunities.Journal of Business Venturing, In Press.
Thieme, R. J. & Song, M. (2002).The effect of market intelligence acquisition on radical product innovation performance in entrepreneurial firms.American Marketing Association Conference Proceedings, Chicago.
Vaghely, I. P. & Julien, P. A. (2010). Are opportunities recognized or constructed? An information perspective on entrepreneurial opportunity identification.Journal of Business Venturing, 25, 73–86.
Van de Ven, A.H. (1986). Central problems in the management of innovation.Management Science, 32, 590-607.
Venkataraman, S. (1997).The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. In J. A. Katz (Ed.), Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth (Vol. 3, pp. 119–138). Greenwich, CT:JAI Press.
Von Hippel, E. (1988). The sources of innovation.New York: Oxford University Press.
Wahab, S. A., Rose, R.C., Uli, J. & Abdullah, H. (2009).Relationships between Knowledge, Technology Recipient, Technology Supplier, Relationship Characteristics and Degree of Inter-Firm Technology Transfer.European Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1), 86-102.
Ward, T. B. (2004). Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship.Journal of Business Venturing, 19, 173-188.
Webb, J. W., Ketchen Jr., D. J. & Ireland R. D. (2010). Strategic entrepreneurship within family-controlled firms: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 1, 67-77.
Wennberg, K., Wiklund, J., DeTienne, D. R. & Cardon, M. S. (2010). Reconceptualizing entrepreneurial exit: Divergent exit routes and their drivers. Journal of Business Venturing, 25, 361–375.
Westhead, P., Ucbasaran, D. & Wright, M. (2009).Information search and opportunity identification.International Small Business Journal, 27(6), 659-680.
Wiklund, J. & Shepherd, D. (2008). Portfolio entrepreneurship, habitual and novice founders, new entry and mode of organizing. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice32, 701–25.
Wu, D. (2009). Measuring Performance in Small and Medium Enterprises in the Information & Communication Technology Industries. RMIT University.
Zahra, S.A.,Keil, T. & Maula, M.V. (2005).New ventures’ inward licensing: examining theeffects of industry and strategy characteristics. European Management Review, 2(3), 154-166.
