مروری سیستماتیک بر عوامل اقتصادی مؤثر بر کارآفرینی
الموضوعات :امینه زیوری 1 , محسن محمدی خیاره 2 , رضا مظهری 3
1 - دانشگاه گنبدکاووس
2 - دانشگاه گنبدکاووس
3 - دانشگاه گنبدکاووس
الکلمات المفتاحية: کارآفرینی عوامل سمت عرضه عوامل سمت تقاضا توسعه اقتصادی محیط اقتصاد کلان تأمین مالی,
ملخص المقالة :
در ادبیات موجود کارآفرینی، رویکردهای مختلفی درخصوص تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر فعالیت‌های کارآفرینانه وجود دارد که دلیل آن‌را می‌توان در رشته‌های مختلف علوم مورد بررسی قرار داد. به‌عنوان یک مطالعه بین رشته‌ای، کارآفرینی متشکل از جنبه‌های پژوهش‌های اقتصادی، تاریخی، روان‌شناسی، سیاسی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی است. همه‌ی این پژوهش‌ها از نقطه‌نظرها و جنبه‌های مختلفی بر کارآفرینی تمرکز می‌کنند. از آنجایی‌که کارآفرینی به‌عنوان ابزاری مناسب برای تحریک و رشد اقتصادی شناخته شده است، شناسایی عوامل تعیین‌کننده فعالیت کارآفرینی امکان می‌دهد تا سیاست‌های مناسب برای افزایش بهره‌وری و رشد اقتصادی در یک اقتصاد طراحی شود. به دلیل گستردگی عوامل تأثیرگذار بر فعالیت‌های کارآفرینانه، پژوهش‌های متعددی از جنبه‌های مختلفی عوامل مؤثر بر آن را مورد مطالعه قرار داده‌اند. هدف این پژوهش بررسی عوامل اقتصادی مؤثر بر کارآفرینی در سطح کلان است که با توجه به ادبیات موجود در این زمینه تأثیرگذاری بیشتری را نسبت به سایر عوامل دارد. در این پژوهش برای بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر فعالیت‌های کارآفرینانه از روش مرور نظام‌مند ادبیات استفاده شده است. در نهایت منابع گردآوری شده در دو دسته فاکتورهای سمت عرضه و سمت تقاضا دسته‌بندی گردید. نتایج نشان داد که عوامل مورد بررسی در طرف عرضه شامل توسعه اقتصادی، توسعه فناورانه، جهانی‌شدن، سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم خارجی و توسعه مالی است و فاکتورهای طرف تقاضا شامل تحصیلات، رشد جمعیت، تراکم جمعیت، سطح درآمد، شکاف درآمدی، دسترسی به تأمین مالی، مالیات، قوانین انعطاف‌ناپذیر بازار کار، ساختار سیاسی، مهاجرت، نرخ بیکاری، ویژگی‌های نهادی و محیط اقتصاد کلان می‌باشد.
المصادر:
1- کمیجانی، اکبر، سهیلی احمدی، حبیب، قربانی، پوریا. نگاهی به نقش عوامل مؤثر اقتصاد کلان در ترکیب انگیزشی کارآفرینان، فصل‌نامه علمی ـ پزوهشی برنامه و بودجه، سال هفدهم، شماره 1، صص، 49- 72، 1391.
2- طیبی، کمیل، فخری، مریم. آثار جهانی‌شدن و تجارت بین‌الملل بر توسعه‌ی کارآفرینی (مطالعه موردی: کشورهای OECD)، فصل‌نامه توسعه کارآفرینی، سال سوم، شماره 9، صص 37- 54، 1389.
3- بهشتی، محمد باقر، خیرآور، حسن، قزوینیان، محمدحسن. بررسی رابطه علّی بین کارآفرینی و بیکاری در بخش صنعت ایران (1385- 1364). کار و جامعه، شماره 137، 1390.
4- شیراوند، فاطمه، مظهری، رضا، محمدی خیاره، محسن، توماج، عبدالسعید. بررسی تأثیر عوامل نهادی رسمی و غیررسمی بر کارآفرینی و نتیجه آن بر رشد اقتصادی: شواهدی از کشورهای منا (2015-2008)، تحقیقات اقتصادی، دوره 54، شماره یک، صص 233-209، 1398.
5- جوادی، شاهین، الگوی راهبردی حمایت از تولید (محیط اقتصاد کلان)، مرکز پزوهش‌های مجلس، معاونت پژوهش‌های اقتصادی، دفتر پژوهش‌ها اقتصادی، 1395.
6- Bosma, N. S., Wennekers, A. R. M., de Wit, G., & Zwinkels, W. S. Modelling business ownership in the Netherlands. EIM, 2000.
7- Carree, M., Van Stel, A., Thurik, R., & Wennekers, S. Economic development and business ownership: an analysis using data of 23 OECD countries in the period 1976–1996. Small business economics, 19(3), 271-290, 2002.
8- Hoffmann, A., Larsen, M., & Oxholm, A. S. Quality assessment of entrepreneurship indicators. National Agency for Enterprise and Construction’s Division for Research and Analysis (FORA): Copenhagen, Denmark, 2006.
9- Bird, B. Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of management Review, 13(3), 442-453, 1988.
10- Ardagna, S., & Lusardi, A. Heterogeneity in the effect of regulation on entrepreneurship and entry size. Journal of the European Economic Association, 8(2-3), 594-605, 2010.
11- Freytag, A., & Thurik, R. Entrepreneurship and its determinants in a cross-country setting. Journal of evolutionary Economics, 17(2), 117-131, 2007.
12- Schumpeter, J. A. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York. Harpers and Brothers Publishers, 344, 1950.
13- Knight, F. H. Risk, uncertainty and profit. Courier Corporation, 2012.
14- Acs, Z. J., & Audretsch, D. B. (Eds.). Handbook of entrepreneurship research: An interdisciplinary survey and introduction (Vol. 1). Springer Science & Business Media, 2006.
15- Nielsen, G. Determinants of Cross-National Entrepreneurial Activity. The Journal of Politics and Society, 25(2), 46-72, 2014.
16- Kirzner, I. M. Competition, regulation, and the market process: an" Austrian" perspective. Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1982.
17- Nooteboom, B. Schumpeterian and Austrian entrepreneurship: a unified process of innovation and diffusion. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Faculteit Bedrijfskunde, 1993.
18- Hébert, R. F., & Link, A. N. In search of the meaning of entrepreneurship. Small business economics, 1(1), 39-49, 1989.
19- Wennekers, S., & Thurik, R. Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth. Small business economics, 13(1), 27-56, 1999.
20- Wennekers, S., Uhlaner, L., & Thurik, R. Entrepreneurship and its conditions: a macro perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education (IJEE), 1(1), 25-64, 2002.
21- Carlson, L. B. The nurse entrepreneur: A reference manual for business design. American Nurses' Association, 1989.
22- Loveman, G., & Sengenberger, W. The re-emergence of small-scale production: an international comparison. Small business economics, 3(1), 1-37, 1991.
23- Verheul, I., Stel, A. V., & Thurik, R. Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level. Entrepreneurship and regional development, 18(2), 151-183, 2006.
24- EIM/ENSR. the European Observatory of SMEs. First annual Report. Zoetermeer: EIM Business and Policy Research, 1993.
25- EIM/ENSR. the European Observatory of SMEs. Fourth annual Report. Zoetermeer: EIM Business and Policy Research, 1996.
26- Acs, Z. J. How is entrepreneurship good for economic growth? Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 1, 97–107, 2006.
27- Fogel, K., Morck, R., & Yeung, B. Big business stability and economic growth: Is what's good for General Motors good for America?. Journal of Financial Economics, 89(1), 83-108, 2008.
28- Smart, A., & Smart, J. (Eds.). Petty capitalists and globalization: flexibility, entrepreneurship, and economic development. SUNY Press, 2012.
29- Soriano, D. R., & Dobon, S. R. Linking globalization of entrepreneurship in small organizations. Small Business Economics, 32(3), 233-239, 2009.
30- Danakol, S. H., Estrin, S., Reynolds, P., & Weitzel, U. Foreign direct investment via M&A and domestic entrepreneurship: blessing or curse?. Small Business Economics, 48(3), 599-612, 2017.
31- Albulescu, C. T., & Tămăşilă, M. The impact of FDI on entrepreneurship in the European Countries. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 124, 219-228, 2014.
32- Lepojevic, V., Djukic, M. I., & Mladenovic, J. Entrepreneurship and economic development: a comparative analysis of developed and developing countries. Facta Universitatis, Series: Economics and Organization, 17-29, 2016.
33- Kim, P. H., & Li, M. Injecting demand through spillovers: Foreign direct investment, domestic socio-political conditions, and host-country entrepreneurial activity. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(2), 210-231, 2014.
34- Ayyagari, M., & Kosová, R. Does FDI facilitate domestic entry? Evidence from the Czech Republic. Review of International Economics, 18(1), 14-29, 2010.
35- Albulescu, C. T., and M. Tămăşilă. “Exploring the Role of FDI in Enhancing the Entrepreneurial Activity in Europe: A Panel Data Analysis.” The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 12: 629–657, 2016.
36- Chowdhury, F., Terjesen, S., & Audretsch, D. Varieties of entrepreneurship: institutional drivers across entrepreneurial activity and country. European Journal of Law and Economics, 40(1), 121-148, 2015.
37- Volery, T., Doss, N., Mazzarol, T., & Thein, V. Triggers and barriers affecting entrepreneurial intentionality: The case of Western Australian Nascente Entrepreneurs. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 5(03), 273-291, 1997.
38- Kouriloff, M. Exploring perceptions of a priori barriers to entrepreneurship: a multidisciplinary approach. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25 (2), 59-80, 2000.
39- Ho, Y.-P., & Wong, P.-K. Financing, Regulatory Costs and Entrepreneurial Propensity. Small Business Economics, 28(2–3), 187–204, 2007.
40- Klapper, L., Laeven, L., & Rajan, R. Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship. Journal of financial economics, 82(3), 591-629, 2006.
41- Kuznets, S., & Murphy, J. T. Modern economic growth: Rate, structure, and spread (Vol. 2). New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966.
42- Schultz, T. P. A woman’s changing participation in the labor force: a world perspective. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 38(3), 457-488, 1990.
43- Acs, Z. J., & Audretsch, D. B. Innovation in large and small firms: an empirical analysis. The American economic review, 678-690, 1988.
44- Reynolds, P. D., Camp, S. M., Bygrave, W. D., Autio, E., & Hay, M. Global entrepreneurship monitor gem 2001 summary report. London Business School and Babson College, 2002.
45- Sabella, A. R., Farraj, W. A., Burbar, M., & Qaimary, D. Entrepreneurship and economic growth in West Bank, Palestine. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 19(01), 1450003, 2014.
46- Wennekers, S., Van Wennekers, A., Thurik, R., & Reynolds, P. Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development. Small business economics, 24(3), 293-309, 2005.
47- Liñán, F., Romero Luna, I., & Fernández Serrano, J. Necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship: The mediating effect of culture. Revista de Economía Mundial, 33, 21-47, 2013.
48- Bosma, N., Acs, Z. J., Autio, E., Coduras, A., & Levie, J. (2008). Global entrepreneurship monitors executive report. Santiago, London: Babson Park, 2008.
49- Bosma, N. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and its impact on entrepreneurship research. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 143-248, 2013.
50- Wennekers, S., Van Stel, A., Carree, M., & Thurik, R. The relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development: is it U-shaped? Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 6(3), 167-237, 2010.
51- Mitch, D. The role of education and skill in the British industrial revolution. In The British Industrial Revolution (pp. 241-279). Routledge, 2018.
52- Shane, S. A. The illusions of entrepreneurship: The costly myths that entrepreneurs, investors, and policy makers live by. Yale University Press, 2008.
53- Van Stel, A., Carree, M., & Thurik, R. The effect of entrepreneurial activity on national economic growth. Small business economics, 24(3), 311-321, 2005.
54- Dhahri, S., & Omri, A. Entrepreneurship contribution to the three pillars of sustainable development: what does the evidence really say? World Development, 106, 64-77, 2018.
55- Reynolds, P. D., Hay, M., & Camp, S. M. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 1999 Executive Report’, Kauffman Centre for Entrepreneurial Leadership at the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Kansas City, MO, 1999.
56- Sanchez, A. Capitalism, violence and the state: crime, corruption and entrepreneurship in an Indian company town. Journal of Legal Anthropology, 1(2), 165-188, 2010.
57- Bates, T., & Bates, T. M. Race, self-employment, and upward mobility: An elusive American dream. Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997.
58- Blanchflower, D. G. Self-employment in OECD countries. Labour economics, 7(5), 471-505, 2000.
59- Choo, S., & Wong, M. Entrepreneurial intention: triggers and barriers to new venture creations in Singapore. Singapore management review, 28(2), 47-64, 2006.
60- Levie, J., & Autio, E. Entrepreneurial framework conditions and national-level entrepreneurial activity: Seven-year panel study. In Third Global Entrepreneurship Research Conference (p. 53), October 2007.
61- Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Rosenbusch, N. Human capital and entrepreneurial success: A meta-analytical review. Journal of business venturing, 26(3), 341-358, 2011.
62- Reynolds, P. D., Camp, S. M., Bygrave, W. D., Autio, E., & Hay, M. Global entrepreneurship monitor gem 2001 summary report. London Business School and Babson College, 2002.
63- Blanchflower, D. G., Oswald, A., & Stutzer, A. Latent entrepreneurship across nations. European Economic Review, 45(4-6), 680-691, 2001.
64- Van der Sluis, J., Van Praag, M., & Vijverberg, W. Entrepreneurship selection and performance: A meta-analysis of the impact of education in developing economies. The World Bank Economic Review, 19(2), 225-261, 2005.
65- Packham, G., Jones, P., Miller, C., Pickernell, D., & Thomas, B. Attitudes towards entrepreneurship education: a comparative analysis. Education+ Training, 52(8/9), 568-586, 2010.
66- Klapper, L., & Love, I. The impact of the financial crisis on new firm registration. Economics Letters, 113(1), 1-4, 2011.
67- Brüderl, J., & Preisendörfer, P. Network support and the success of newly founded business. Small business economics, 10(3), 213-225, 1998.
68- Audretsch, D.B. and Fritsch, M. Growth regimes over time and space. Regional Studies, 36, 113-124, 2002.
69- Hurst, E., & Lusardi, A. Liquidity constraints, household wealth, and entrepreneurship. Journal of political Economy, 112(2), 319-347, 2004.
70- Anton, S., & Bostan, I. (2017). The role of access to finance in explaining cross-national variation in entrepreneurial activity: A panel data approach. Sustainability, 9(11), 1947, 2017.
71- Arin, K. P., Huang, V. Z., Minniti, M., Nandialath, A. M., & Reich, O. F. Revisiting the determinants of entrepreneurship: A Bayesian approach. Journal of Management, 41(2), 607-631, 2015.
72- Aparicio, S., Urbano, D., & Audretsch, D. Institutional factors, opportunity entrepreneurship and economic growth: Panel data evidence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 102, 45-61, 2016.
73- Grilo, I., & Thurik, A. R. Determinants of entrepreneurship in Europe (No. 3004). Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy, 2004.
74- Ilmakunnas, P., & Kanniainen, V. Entrepreneurship, economic risks, and risk insurance in the welfare state: Results with OECD data 1978–93. German Economic Review, 2(3), 195-218, 2001.
75- Bjørnskov, C., & Foss, N. J. Economic freedom and entrepreneurial activity: Some cross-country evidence. Public Choice, 134(3-4), 307-328, 2008.
76- Morales, D., & Marzábal, O. R. Factores explicativos de la creación de empresas en diez países europeos: una propuesta desde la perspectiva institucional. Revista de economía mundial, (40), 91-122, 2015.
77- García-Ruiz, J. L., & Tominelli, P. A. (Eds.). the determinants of entrepreneurship: leadership, culture, institutions. Routledge, 2015.
78- Churchill, S. A. Fractionalization, entrepreneurship, and the institutional environment for entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 48(3), 577-597, 2017.
79- Saraf, N. What Determines Entrepreneurial Intention in India? Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, 1(1), 39-55, 2015.
80- Schuetze, H. J., & Bruce, D. The relationship between tax policy and entrepreneurship: What we know and what we should know. Swedish Economic Policy Review, 11(2), 2004.
81- Bjørnskov, C., & Foss, N. J. Institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: what do we know and what do we still need to know? Academy of Management Perspectives, 30(3), 292-315, 2016.
82- Wennekers, S. A. Entrepreneurship at country level: economic and non-economic determinants (No. 81), 2006.
83- Petridou, E., Aflaki, I. N., & Miles, L. Unpacking the theoretical boxes of political entrepreneurship. In Entrepreneurship in the Polis (pp. 19-34). Routledge, 2016.
84- Goltz, S., Buche, M. W., & Pathak, S. Political Empowerment, Rule of Law, and Women’s Entry into Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(3), 605–626, 2015.
85- Nightingale, P., & Coad, A. Muppets and gazelles: Political and methodological biases in entrepreneurship research. Industrial and Corporate Change, 23, 113–143, 2014.
86- Van Stel, A., Storey, D. J., & Thurik, A. R. The Effect of Business Regulations on Nascent and Young Business Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 28(2–3), 171–186, 2007.
87- Klapper, L., Laeven, L., & Rajan, R. Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship. Journal of Financial Economics, 82(3), 591–629, 2006.
88- Bhachu, P. Immigration and entrepreneurship: culture, capital, and ethnic networks. Routledge, 2017.
89- Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. The Regulation of Entry.The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(1), 1–37, 2002.
90- Smallbone, D., & Welter, F. The distinctiveness of entrepreneurship in transition economies. Small business economics, 16(4), 249-262, 2001.
91- Dreher, A., & Gassebner, M. (2013). Greasing the wheels? The impact of regulations and corruption on firm entry. Public Choice, 155(3-4), 413-432.
92- Clark, K., & Drinkwater, S. Pushed out or pulled in? Self-employment among ethnic minorities in England and Wales. Labour Economics, 7(5), 603-628, 2000.
93- Veciana, J. M. Entrepreneurship as a scientific research programme. In Entrepreneurship (pp. 23-71). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007.
94- Dvouletý, O. What is the Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Unemployment in Visegrad Countries?. Central European Business Review, 6(2), 42-53, 2017.
95- Bitetti, R. Unemployment and entrepreneurship: a bottom-up analysis (Disoccupazione e imprenditorialità, un’analisi dal basso). Sociologia del lavoro, (149), 94-117, 2018.
96- Pietrzak, M. B., & Balcerzak, A. P. A Spatial SAR Model in Evaluating Influence of Entrepreneurship and Investments on Unemployment in Poland. Chapters, 1, 303-308, 2016.
97- Vivarelli, M. Is entrepreneurship necessarily good? Microeconomic evidence from developed and developing countries. Industrial and corporate change, 22(6), 1453-1495, 2013.
98- Audretsch, D. B., Carree, M. A., & Thurik, A. R. Does entrepreneurship reduce unemployment? (No. 01-074/3). Tinbergen Institute discussion paper, 2001.
99- Dvouletý, O. Relationship between unemployment and entrepreneurship dynamics in the Czech Regions: A Panel VAR Approach. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 65(3), 987-995, 2017.
100- Han, S. The Effect of Individual Characteristics and Economic Environment on Entrepreneurship. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 11(4), 149-165, 2016.
101- Faggian, A., Partridge, M., & Malecki, E. J. Creating an environment for economic growth: creativity, entrepreneurship or human capital? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(6), 997-1009, 2017.
102- Hall, J. C., Lawson, R. A., & Roychoudhury, S. Creating the environment for entrepreneurship through economic freedom. In Public Policy, Productive and Unproductive Entrepreneurship. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017.
103- Roman, A., & Rusu, V. D. The Impact of the Economic Environment on Entrepreneurship: Evidence from European Countries. Annals of Faculty of Economics, 1(1), 494-502, 2016.
104- Dvouletý, O. Determinants of Nordic entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 24(1), 12-33, 2017.
105- McMillan, J., & Woodruff, C. The central role of entrepreneurs in transition economies. Journal of economic Perspectives, 16(3), 153-170, 2002.
106- Boudreaux, C., & Caudill, S. Entrepreneurship, Institutions, and Economic Growth: Does the Level of Development Matter? (No. 94244). University Library of Munich, Germany, 2019.
107- Parker, S. C. The economics of entrepreneurship. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
108- Nikolaev, B. N., Boudreaux, C. J., & Palich, L. Cross‐country determinants of early‐stage necessity and opportunity‐motivated entrepreneurship: accounting for model uncertainty. Journal of Small Business Management, 56, 243-280, 2018.
109- Rusu, V., & Roman, A. Entrepreneurial activity in the EU: an empirical evaluation of its determinants. Sustainability, 9(10), 1679, 2017.
110- Fernández-Serrano, J., and I. Romero. “About the Interactive Influence of Culture and Regulatory Barriers on Entrepreneurial Activity.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 10: 781–802, 2014.
111- Ferreira, J. J., A. Fayolle, C. Fernandes, and M. Raposo. “Effects of Schumpeterian and Kirznerian Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 29: 27–50, 2017.
112- Kuratko, D. F. Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, and Practice, Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning, 2013.
113- Rodrigues, B. G., & Soukiazis, E. The Determinants of Entrepreneurship at the Country Level: A Panel Data Approach. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 9(4), 1-17, 2019.
114- Dvouletý, O. How to analyse determinants of entrepreneurship and self-employment at the country level? A methodological contribution. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9, 92-99, 2018.
115- Amorós, J. E., Cristi, O., & Minniti, M. Driving forces behind entrepreneurship: Differences on entrepreneurship rate level and its volatility across countries. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 29(16), 2, 2009.
1- کمیجانی، اکبر، سهیلی احمدی، حبیب، قربانی، پوریا. نگاهی به نقش عوامل مؤثر اقتصاد کلان در ترکیب انگیزشی کارآفرینان، فصل‌نامه علمی ـ پزوهشی برنامه و بودجه، سال هفدهم، شماره 1، صص، 49- 72، 1391.
2- طیبی، کمیل، فخری، مریم. آثار جهانی‌شدن و تجارت بین‌الملل بر توسعه‌ی کارآفرینی (مطالعه موردی: کشورهای OECD)، فصل‌نامه توسعه کارآفرینی، سال سوم، شماره 9، صص 37- 54، 1389.
3- بهشتی، محمد باقر، خیرآور، حسن، قزوینیان، محمدحسن. بررسی رابطه علّی بین کارآفرینی و بیکاری در بخش صنعت ایران (1385- 1364). کار و جامعه، شماره 137، 1390.
4- شیراوند، فاطمه، مظهری، رضا، محمدی خیاره، محسن، توماج، عبدالسعید. بررسی تأثیر عوامل نهادی رسمی و غیررسمی بر کارآفرینی و نتیجه آن بر رشد اقتصادی: شواهدی از کشورهای منا (2015-2008)، تحقیقات اقتصادی، دوره 54، شماره یک، صص 233-209، 1398.
5- جوادی، شاهین، الگوی راهبردی حمایت از تولید (محیط اقتصاد کلان)، مرکز پزوهش‌های مجلس، معاونت پژوهش‌های اقتصادی، دفتر پژوهش‌ها اقتصادی، 1395.
6- Bosma, N. S., Wennekers, A. R. M., de Wit, G., & Zwinkels, W. S. Modelling business ownership in the Netherlands. EIM, 2000.
7- Carree, M., Van Stel, A., Thurik, R., & Wennekers, S. Economic development and business ownership: an analysis using data of 23 OECD countries in the period 1976–1996. Small business economics, 19(3), 271-290, 2002.
8- Hoffmann, A., Larsen, M., & Oxholm, A. S. Quality assessment of entrepreneurship indicators. National Agency for Enterprise and Construction’s Division for Research and Analysis (FORA): Copenhagen, Denmark, 2006.
9- Bird, B. Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of management Review, 13(3), 442-453, 1988.
10- Ardagna, S., & Lusardi, A. Heterogeneity in the effect of regulation on entrepreneurship and entry size. Journal of the European Economic Association, 8(2-3), 594-605, 2010.
11- Freytag, A., & Thurik, R. Entrepreneurship and its determinants in a cross-country setting. Journal of evolutionary Economics, 17(2), 117-131, 2007.
12- Schumpeter, J. A. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York. Harpers and Brothers Publishers, 344, 1950.
13- Knight, F. H. Risk, uncertainty and profit. Courier Corporation, 2012.
14- Acs, Z. J., & Audretsch, D. B. (Eds.). Handbook of entrepreneurship research: An interdisciplinary survey and introduction (Vol. 1). Springer Science & Business Media, 2006.
15- Nielsen, G. Determinants of Cross-National Entrepreneurial Activity. The Journal of Politics and Society, 25(2), 46-72, 2014.
16- Kirzner, I. M. Competition, regulation, and the market process: an" Austrian" perspective. Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1982.
17- Nooteboom, B. Schumpeterian and Austrian entrepreneurship: a unified process of innovation and diffusion. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Faculteit Bedrijfskunde, 1993.
18- Hébert, R. F., & Link, A. N. In search of the meaning of entrepreneurship. Small business economics, 1(1), 39-49, 1989.
19- Wennekers, S., & Thurik, R. Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth. Small business economics, 13(1), 27-56, 1999.
20- Wennekers, S., Uhlaner, L., & Thurik, R. Entrepreneurship and its conditions: a macro perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education (IJEE), 1(1), 25-64, 2002.
21- Carlson, L. B. The nurse entrepreneur: A reference manual for business design. American Nurses' Association, 1989.
22- Loveman, G., & Sengenberger, W. The re-emergence of small-scale production: an international comparison. Small business economics, 3(1), 1-37, 1991.
23- Verheul, I., Stel, A. V., & Thurik, R. Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level. Entrepreneurship and regional development, 18(2), 151-183, 2006.
24- EIM/ENSR. the European Observatory of SMEs. First annual Report. Zoetermeer: EIM Business and Policy Research, 1993.
25- EIM/ENSR. the European Observatory of SMEs. Fourth annual Report. Zoetermeer: EIM Business and Policy Research, 1996.
26- Acs, Z. J. How is entrepreneurship good for economic growth? Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 1, 97–107, 2006.
27- Fogel, K., Morck, R., & Yeung, B. Big business stability and economic growth: Is what's good for General Motors good for America?. Journal of Financial Economics, 89(1), 83-108, 2008.
28- Smart, A., & Smart, J. (Eds.). Petty capitalists and globalization: flexibility, entrepreneurship, and economic development. SUNY Press, 2012.
29- Soriano, D. R., & Dobon, S. R. Linking globalization of entrepreneurship in small organizations. Small Business Economics, 32(3), 233-239, 2009.
30- Danakol, S. H., Estrin, S., Reynolds, P., & Weitzel, U. Foreign direct investment via M&A and domestic entrepreneurship: blessing or curse?. Small Business Economics, 48(3), 599-612, 2017.
31- Albulescu, C. T., & Tămăşilă, M. The impact of FDI on entrepreneurship in the European Countries. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 124, 219-228, 2014.
32- Lepojevic, V., Djukic, M. I., & Mladenovic, J. Entrepreneurship and economic development: a comparative analysis of developed and developing countries. Facta Universitatis, Series: Economics and Organization, 17-29, 2016.
33- Kim, P. H., & Li, M. Injecting demand through spillovers: Foreign direct investment, domestic socio-political conditions, and host-country entrepreneurial activity. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(2), 210-231, 2014.
34- Ayyagari, M., & Kosová, R. Does FDI facilitate domestic entry? Evidence from the Czech Republic. Review of International Economics, 18(1), 14-29, 2010.
35- Albulescu, C. T., and M. Tămăşilă. “Exploring the Role of FDI in Enhancing the Entrepreneurial Activity in Europe: A Panel Data Analysis.” The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 12: 629–657, 2016.
36- Chowdhury, F., Terjesen, S., & Audretsch, D. Varieties of entrepreneurship: institutional drivers across entrepreneurial activity and country. European Journal of Law and Economics, 40(1), 121-148, 2015.
37- Volery, T., Doss, N., Mazzarol, T., & Thein, V. Triggers and barriers affecting entrepreneurial intentionality: The case of Western Australian Nascente Entrepreneurs. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 5(03), 273-291, 1997.
38- Kouriloff, M. Exploring perceptions of a priori barriers to entrepreneurship: a multidisciplinary approach. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25 (2), 59-80, 2000.
39- Ho, Y.-P., & Wong, P.-K. Financing, Regulatory Costs and Entrepreneurial Propensity. Small Business Economics, 28(2–3), 187–204, 2007.
40- Klapper, L., Laeven, L., & Rajan, R. Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship. Journal of financial economics, 82(3), 591-629, 2006.
41- Kuznets, S., & Murphy, J. T. Modern economic growth: Rate, structure, and spread (Vol. 2). New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966.
42- Schultz, T. P. A woman’s changing participation in the labor force: a world perspective. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 38(3), 457-488, 1990.
43- Acs, Z. J., & Audretsch, D. B. Innovation in large and small firms: an empirical analysis. The American economic review, 678-690, 1988.
44- Reynolds, P. D., Camp, S. M., Bygrave, W. D., Autio, E., & Hay, M. Global entrepreneurship monitor gem 2001 summary report. London Business School and Babson College, 2002.
45- Sabella, A. R., Farraj, W. A., Burbar, M., & Qaimary, D. Entrepreneurship and economic growth in West Bank, Palestine. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 19(01), 1450003, 2014.
46- Wennekers, S., Van Wennekers, A., Thurik, R., & Reynolds, P. Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development. Small business economics, 24(3), 293-309, 2005.
47- Liñán, F., Romero Luna, I., & Fernández Serrano, J. Necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship: The mediating effect of culture. Revista de Economía Mundial, 33, 21-47, 2013.
48- Bosma, N., Acs, Z. J., Autio, E., Coduras, A., & Levie, J. (2008). Global entrepreneurship monitors executive report. Santiago, London: Babson Park, 2008.
49- Bosma, N. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and its impact on entrepreneurship research. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 143-248, 2013.
50- Wennekers, S., Van Stel, A., Carree, M., & Thurik, R. The relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development: is it U-shaped? Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 6(3), 167-237, 2010.
51- Mitch, D. The role of education and skill in the British industrial revolution. In The British Industrial Revolution (pp. 241-279). Routledge, 2018.
52- Shane, S. A. The illusions of entrepreneurship: The costly myths that entrepreneurs, investors, and policy makers live by. Yale University Press, 2008.
53- Van Stel, A., Carree, M., & Thurik, R. The effect of entrepreneurial activity on national economic growth. Small business economics, 24(3), 311-321, 2005.
54- Dhahri, S., & Omri, A. Entrepreneurship contribution to the three pillars of sustainable development: what does the evidence really say? World Development, 106, 64-77, 2018.
55- Reynolds, P. D., Hay, M., & Camp, S. M. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 1999 Executive Report’, Kauffman Centre for Entrepreneurial Leadership at the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Kansas City, MO, 1999.
56- Sanchez, A. Capitalism, violence and the state: crime, corruption and entrepreneurship in an Indian company town. Journal of Legal Anthropology, 1(2), 165-188, 2010.
57- Bates, T., & Bates, T. M. Race, self-employment, and upward mobility: An elusive American dream. Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997.
58- Blanchflower, D. G. Self-employment in OECD countries. Labour economics, 7(5), 471-505, 2000.
59- Choo, S., & Wong, M. Entrepreneurial intention: triggers and barriers to new venture creations in Singapore. Singapore management review, 28(2), 47-64, 2006.
60- Levie, J., & Autio, E. Entrepreneurial framework conditions and national-level entrepreneurial activity: Seven-year panel study. In Third Global Entrepreneurship Research Conference (p. 53), October 2007.
61- Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Rosenbusch, N. Human capital and entrepreneurial success: A meta-analytical review. Journal of business venturing, 26(3), 341-358, 2011.
62- Reynolds, P. D., Camp, S. M., Bygrave, W. D., Autio, E., & Hay, M. Global entrepreneurship monitor gem 2001 summary report. London Business School and Babson College, 2002.
63- Blanchflower, D. G., Oswald, A., & Stutzer, A. Latent entrepreneurship across nations. European Economic Review, 45(4-6), 680-691, 2001.
64- Van der Sluis, J., Van Praag, M., & Vijverberg, W. Entrepreneurship selection and performance: A meta-analysis of the impact of education in developing economies. The World Bank Economic Review, 19(2), 225-261, 2005.
65- Packham, G., Jones, P., Miller, C., Pickernell, D., & Thomas, B. Attitudes towards entrepreneurship education: a comparative analysis. Education+ Training, 52(8/9), 568-586, 2010.
66- Klapper, L., & Love, I. The impact of the financial crisis on new firm registration. Economics Letters, 113(1), 1-4, 2011.
67- Brüderl, J., & Preisendörfer, P. Network support and the success of newly founded business. Small business economics, 10(3), 213-225, 1998.
68- Audretsch, D.B. and Fritsch, M. Growth regimes over time and space. Regional Studies, 36, 113-124, 2002.
69- Hurst, E., & Lusardi, A. Liquidity constraints, household wealth, and entrepreneurship. Journal of political Economy, 112(2), 319-347, 2004.
70- Anton, S., & Bostan, I. (2017). The role of access to finance in explaining cross-national variation in entrepreneurial activity: A panel data approach. Sustainability, 9(11), 1947, 2017.
71- Arin, K. P., Huang, V. Z., Minniti, M., Nandialath, A. M., & Reich, O. F. Revisiting the determinants of entrepreneurship: A Bayesian approach. Journal of Management, 41(2), 607-631, 2015.
72- Aparicio, S., Urbano, D., & Audretsch, D. Institutional factors, opportunity entrepreneurship and economic growth: Panel data evidence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 102, 45-61, 2016.
73- Grilo, I., & Thurik, A. R. Determinants of entrepreneurship in Europe (No. 3004). Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy, 2004.
74- Ilmakunnas, P., & Kanniainen, V. Entrepreneurship, economic risks, and risk insurance in the welfare state: Results with OECD data 1978–93. German Economic Review, 2(3), 195-218, 2001.
75- Bjørnskov, C., & Foss, N. J. Economic freedom and entrepreneurial activity: Some cross-country evidence. Public Choice, 134(3-4), 307-328, 2008.
76- Morales, D., & Marzábal, O. R. Factores explicativos de la creación de empresas en diez países europeos: una propuesta desde la perspectiva institucional. Revista de economía mundial, (40), 91-122, 2015.
77- García-Ruiz, J. L., & Tominelli, P. A. (Eds.). the determinants of entrepreneurship: leadership, culture, institutions. Routledge, 2015.
78- Churchill, S. A. Fractionalization, entrepreneurship, and the institutional environment for entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 48(3), 577-597, 2017.
79- Saraf, N. What Determines Entrepreneurial Intention in India? Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, 1(1), 39-55, 2015.
80- Schuetze, H. J., & Bruce, D. The relationship between tax policy and entrepreneurship: What we know and what we should know. Swedish Economic Policy Review, 11(2), 2004.
81- Bjørnskov, C., & Foss, N. J. Institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: what do we know and what do we still need to know? Academy of Management Perspectives, 30(3), 292-315, 2016.
82- Wennekers, S. A. Entrepreneurship at country level: economic and non-economic determinants (No. 81), 2006.
83- Petridou, E., Aflaki, I. N., & Miles, L. Unpacking the theoretical boxes of political entrepreneurship. In Entrepreneurship in the Polis (pp. 19-34). Routledge, 2016.
84- Goltz, S., Buche, M. W., & Pathak, S. Political Empowerment, Rule of Law, and Women’s Entry into Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(3), 605–626, 2015.
85- Nightingale, P., & Coad, A. Muppets and gazelles: Political and methodological biases in entrepreneurship research. Industrial and Corporate Change, 23, 113–143, 2014.
86- Van Stel, A., Storey, D. J., & Thurik, A. R. The Effect of Business Regulations on Nascent and Young Business Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 28(2–3), 171–186, 2007.
87- Klapper, L., Laeven, L., & Rajan, R. Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship. Journal of Financial Economics, 82(3), 591–629, 2006.
88- Bhachu, P. Immigration and entrepreneurship: culture, capital, and ethnic networks. Routledge, 2017.
89- Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. The Regulation of Entry.The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(1), 1–37, 2002.
90- Smallbone, D., & Welter, F. The distinctiveness of entrepreneurship in transition economies. Small business economics, 16(4), 249-262, 2001.
91- Dreher, A., & Gassebner, M. (2013). Greasing the wheels? The impact of regulations and corruption on firm entry. Public Choice, 155(3-4), 413-432.
92- Clark, K., & Drinkwater, S. Pushed out or pulled in? Self-employment among ethnic minorities in England and Wales. Labour Economics, 7(5), 603-628, 2000.
93- Veciana, J. M. Entrepreneurship as a scientific research programme. In Entrepreneurship (pp. 23-71). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007.
94- Dvouletý, O. What is the Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Unemployment in Visegrad Countries?. Central European Business Review, 6(2), 42-53, 2017.
95- Bitetti, R. Unemployment and entrepreneurship: a bottom-up analysis (Disoccupazione e imprenditorialità, un’analisi dal basso). Sociologia del lavoro, (149), 94-117, 2018.
96- Pietrzak, M. B., & Balcerzak, A. P. A Spatial SAR Model in Evaluating Influence of Entrepreneurship and Investments on Unemployment in Poland. Chapters, 1, 303-308, 2016.
97- Vivarelli, M. Is entrepreneurship necessarily good? Microeconomic evidence from developed and developing countries. Industrial and corporate change, 22(6), 1453-1495, 2013.
98- Audretsch, D. B., Carree, M. A., & Thurik, A. R. Does entrepreneurship reduce unemployment? (No. 01-074/3). Tinbergen Institute discussion paper, 2001.
99- Dvouletý, O. Relationship between unemployment and entrepreneurship dynamics in the Czech Regions: A Panel VAR Approach. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 65(3), 987-995, 2017.
100- Han, S. The Effect of Individual Characteristics and Economic Environment on Entrepreneurship. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 11(4), 149-165, 2016.
101- Faggian, A., Partridge, M., & Malecki, E. J. Creating an environment for economic growth: creativity, entrepreneurship or human capital? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(6), 997-1009, 2017.
102- Hall, J. C., Lawson, R. A., & Roychoudhury, S. Creating the environment for entrepreneurship through economic freedom. In Public Policy, Productive and Unproductive Entrepreneurship. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017.
103- Roman, A., & Rusu, V. D. The Impact of the Economic Environment on Entrepreneurship: Evidence from European Countries. Annals of Faculty of Economics, 1(1), 494-502, 2016.
104- Dvouletý, O. Determinants of Nordic entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 24(1), 12-33, 2017.
105- McMillan, J., & Woodruff, C. The central role of entrepreneurs in transition economies. Journal of economic Perspectives, 16(3), 153-170, 2002.
106- Boudreaux, C., & Caudill, S. Entrepreneurship, Institutions, and Economic Growth: Does the Level of Development Matter? (No. 94244). University Library of Munich, Germany, 2019.
107- Parker, S. C. The economics of entrepreneurship. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
108- Nikolaev, B. N., Boudreaux, C. J., & Palich, L. Cross‐country determinants of early‐stage necessity and opportunity‐motivated entrepreneurship: accounting for model uncertainty. Journal of Small Business Management, 56, 243-280, 2018.
109- Rusu, V., & Roman, A. Entrepreneurial activity in the EU: an empirical evaluation of its determinants. Sustainability, 9(10), 1679, 2017.
110- Fernández-Serrano, J., and I. Romero. “About the Interactive Influence of Culture and Regulatory Barriers on Entrepreneurial Activity.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 10: 781–802, 2014.
111- Ferreira, J. J., A. Fayolle, C. Fernandes, and M. Raposo. “Effects of Schumpeterian and Kirznerian Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 29: 27–50, 2017.
112- Kuratko, D. F. Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, and Practice, Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning, 2013.
113- Rodrigues, B. G., & Soukiazis, E. The Determinants of Entrepreneurship at the Country Level: A Panel Data Approach. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 9(4), 1-17, 2019.
114- Dvouletý, O. How to analyse determinants of entrepreneurship and self-employment at the country level? A methodological contribution. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9, 92-99, 2018.
115- Amorós, J. E., Cristi, O., & Minniti, M. Driving forces behind entrepreneurship: Differences on entrepreneurship rate level and its volatility across countries. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 29(16), 2, 2009.
