حقوق کودکان در حوزه حقوق شهری در پرتو کنوانسیون حقوق کودک
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق کودک
شهرام سلامی
1
(کارشناس ارشد حقوق عمومی، دانشگاه تبریز، گروه حقوق عمومی، تبریز، ایران)
محمد مظهری
2
(استادیار، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تبریز، گروه حقوق عمومی، تبریز، ایران)
کلید واژه: کودک, حقوق کودک, حقوق شهری, حق بر سلامت, کنوانسیون حقوق کودک,
چکیده مقاله :
با رشد و توسعه شهرنشینی در جهان، دولت ها با چالش های مختلفی در حوزه حقوق گروه های خاص شهروندان از جمله کودکان مواجه می باشند، چرا که کودکان به علت شرایط خاص سنی و رشدی خود نیازمند توجه بیشتری نسبت به سایر شهروندان عادی هستند و از حقوق ویژه ای برخوردارند. اما شهرها نه تنها برای کودکان طراحی نشده اند بلکه آنها را از کمترین حقوق ویژه خود نیز بهره مند نمی سازند. مسلما مهم ترین سند حقوقی کودکان، کنوانسیون حقوق کودک می باشد. کودکان از حقوق مختلفی برخوردارند که در کنواسیون حقوق کودک منعکس گردیده اند، اما آنچه که مد نظر تحقیق حاضر می باشد یافتن پاسخ این پرسش است که: حقوق کودکان در حوزه حقوق شهری چیست؟ ضرورت شناسایی حقوق کودکان در حوزه حقوق شهری از آن جهت واجد اهمیت است که آنها به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین ارکان جامعه در معرض بیشترین آسیب ها و تهدیدهای اجتماعی، اقتصادی، بهداشتی و آموزشی قرار دارند و با توجه به نوپایی شناسایی حقوق کودکان در شهرها در سطح جهانی و بخصوص در ایران و تلاش های سازمانهای بین المللی نظیر یونسف بر ارتقای بیش از پیش این حقوق، انتظار می رود مدیران و سیاستگذاران شهری اقدامات مقتضی را در این حوزه به انجام برسانند. بر همین مبنا تحقیق حاضر با مطالعه حوزه های مختلف اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی موثر بر حقوق کودکان در شهرها، با شیوه گردآوری اطلاعات به روش کتابخانه ای و بررسی داده ها به طریق توصیفی- تحلیلی، در صدد تبیین مهم ترین حقوق کودکان در شهرها از جمله: حق عدم تبعیض، حقوق کودکان معلول، حق شنیده شدن، برخورداری از امنیت اجتماعی، حق بر سلامت، حق بر تحصیل و حق بر بازی و تفریح می باشد. نتیجه اینکه: هر چند اقدمات نظری خوبی از سوی نهادهای شهری ایران در این حوزه صورت گرفته است، با این حال ناگفته پیداست که در عمل تا رسیدن به وضعیت مطلوب کودکان فاصله بسیاری وجود دارد.
Development of urbanization in the world has made the states confront various challenges in realm of certain rights of citizens, especially children, as far as they need more attention than other citizens concerning their special developmental conditions. However, not only the cities are not designed based on the needs of children, they do not offer the least rights to them. Convention on the Rights of the Child is certainly the main legal document for children. Children benefit from different rights that are reflected in the convention on the rights of children; however, this study intends to answer this question that, “What are the rights of children in the urban right area?” The necessity of identifying the children rights in the urban rights is important on that as one of the main pillars of the society, children are mostly subject to most social, economic, health and educational threats and losses. Moreover, as far as identification of the rights of children in cities is emergent at international arena, particularly in Iran, and concerning the efforts of international organizations such as UNISEF on promotion of these rights, the city managers and policymakers are expected to carry out the required action in this area. Based on this, the present study seeks to explain the main rights of children in cities such as non-discrimination, the right of children with disabilities, public hearing, benefiting social security, the right to health, education and playing and pleasure through investigating various economic, social and cultural areas that are effective on the children rights in urban area by collecting data through library method and descriptive-analytical data analysis. It is concluded that although appropriate theoretical actions have been taken by urban institution in Iran, it is obvious that there is a great gap in practice to make children achieve desired status.
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