ترادیسی معماری خانه‌های تاریخی شهر گرگان از دوره قاجاریه به پهلوی اول
محورهای موضوعی : بافت تاریخی شهرهای تاریخی ایرانمجید صالحی نیا 1 , حسن رجبعلی 2
1 - دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران
2 - کارشناسی ارشد مطالعات تاریخ معماری ایران، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
کلید واژه:
چکیده مقاله :
دگرگونی‌هاي بنيادين بین دو دوره تاریخی قاجاریه و پهلوی اول، به گونه‌گونی معماری خانه‌ها انجامیده است. این پژوهش، ترادیسی یا روند تحولی معماری خانه‌های تاریخي شهر گرگان را در اين دو دوره تاريخي و بر پایه مطالعه کتابخانه‌ای و اسناد تاریخی به همراه برداشت‌های میدانی تکمیلی بر پايه روش علمي گونه‌شناسی امس راپاپورت، مورد مطالعه، دستهبندی، واکاوی و قیاس قرار داده است. سه گونه معماری خانه از جهت کالبدی- فضایی، قابل شناسایی است. گونه اول، «خانه‌های قاجاریه» شامل خانه‌ها با الگوی حیاط مرکزی است که در دو دسته: خانه‌های با خانواده گسترده با چند حیاط مرکزی و خانه‌های با خانواده مستقل با یک حیاط، قرار میگیرند. گونه دوم، «خانه‌های دوره گذار از قاجاریه به پهلوی اول» هستند. این خانه‌ها دارای هندسه خطی هستند و در دو دسته: نیمه درون‌گرا ( پایان قاجاریه) و نیمه برون‌گرا (آغاز پهلوی اول)، طبقهبندی میشوند. گونه سوم، «خانه‌های پهلوی اول» هستند. این خانه‌ها در دو دسته «کوشک-باغ» و « برون‌گرای رو به گذر شهری» قرار میگیرند. عناصر و ویژگی‌های معماری همچون: رابطه فضاهای سرپوشیده با فضاهای نیمه‌باز و فضاهای باز (حیاط)، ایوان، پنجره‌ها و تناسبات آنها، ورودی، شمار طبقه، مساحت زیربنا، پله و موقعیت آن، درصد سطح اشغال ساختمان نسبت به همه زمین، تناسبات اتاق‌ها، چیدمان فضایی اتاق‌ها و دیگر موارد، باعث تفاوت و ایجاد گونه‌های مختلف معماری خانه‌ها در این دو دوره تاریخی و به‌ویژه در گذار از قاجاریه به پهلوی اول و در یک ترادیسی معنادار، گردیده است.
The fundamental changes between the two historical periods of Qajar and the first Pahlavi dynasty have led to a variety of house architecture. This research has studied and evaluated the tradition or evolutionary process of Gorgan house architecture in these two periods based on library studies and historical documents along with supplementary field observations based on the scientific method of Ames Rapaport typology. Three types of house architecture can be identified in terms of physical-spatial aspects. The first type, "Qajar houses", includes houses with a central courtyard pattern. The second type, "houses of the transitional period from Qajar to the first Pahlavi dynasty". These houses have linear geometry. The third type, "the first Pahlavi houses", are completely extroverted. Architectural elements and features such as: proportions of open, closed and semi-open spaces and other physical elements were examined and the necessary results were obtained to classify and recognize the architectural developments of Gorgan houses.
Keywords: Tradition (process of evolution), Gorgan historical house, Qajar dynasty, Pahlavi dynasty, Transitional period
Introduction
Gorgan, due to its special climate, has an urban texture and architecture of houses that are separate from other regions of Iran. The transformation that occurred from the Qajar period to the first Pahlavi period, initially, the historical texture passages of the city and then, historical buildings and native houses have been exposed to destruction. These transformations make it necessary to identify the architecture of historical houses in Gorgan city as part of its historical identity. The dimensions of the houses, spatial structure, the location of the house within the courtyard, the distinctions in the entrances and porches, the location and number of rooms, the approach to urban passage, windows and stairs, are the main factors affecting the definition of different types of house architecture in this research. In this research, the concept of type and typological methods for classifying architecture, both in components and elements and in the totality of the phenomenon that is affected by the classification of elements and components, are examined.
In order to regularize the typology in a way that it can be used for planning, Ames Rapaport has proposed principles. These principles have been used in this research and a set of characteristics in the typology of building elements and components has been used to finally identify the basic types. From a total of 38 houses reviewed in the historical context of Gorgan, 18 houses were selected, including: 7 houses related to the early and middle Qajar period, 5 houses related to the transition period from the end of the Qajar to the beginning of the first Pahlavi dynasty, and 6 houses related to the middle and late Pahlavi dynasty.
Research Method
The research method is descriptive-analytical and logical reasoning with a deductive strategy and from part to whole. In the research process, the Ames Rapaport multi-attribute typological method has been used to analyze the study samples in the two periods of the Qajar and the first Pahlavi. In order to typify and recognize this tradition (development process), at the beginning, various physical-spatial characteristics are examined and, considering the similarities, a set of several characteristics in the historical houses under study is introduced. In library studies, contemporary sources on the architecture of the region and texts written by tourists about the historical texture of Gorgan have been used and basic theories have been identified. In field research, the existing documents on the architecture of historical houses of Gorgan have been collected, reviewed, and completed in the three periods of the Qajar, the first Pahlavi, and the transitional period.
Results
The study shows that three types of house architecture can be identified in terms of physical and spatial aspects in the historical context of Gorgan. The first type, related to "Qajar houses", includes houses with a central courtyard pattern, which are divided into two categories: houses with extended families with several central courtyards and houses with independent families with one courtyard. The second type is "houses of the transition period from Qajar to Pahlavi I". These houses have linear geometry and are classified into two categories: semi-introverted (end of Qajar) and semi-extroverted (beginning of Pahlavi I). The third type is "Pahlavi I houses". These houses are divided into two categories: "garden houses (garden pavilions)" and "extroverted houses facing urban passages". Architectural elements and features such as: the relationship between indoor spaces and semi-open spaces and open spaces (courtyards), porches, windows and their proportions, entrances, number of floors, area of the substructure, stairs and their location, percentage of building surface area occupied by the entire land, proportions of rooms, spatial arrangement of rooms, and other matters, have caused differences and created different types of house architecture in these two historical periods, especially in the transition from the Qajar historical period to the first Pahlavi historical period, and in a meaningful tradition.
Discussion and Evaluation of the Results of this study
Historical houses in Gorgan city were studied as a human environment derived from various cultural, climatic-geographical and social factors. The important point is that the traditional (evolutionary process) of human living spaces (houses) is derived from fundamental social, political and economic changes in the two historical periods of Qajar and the first Pahlavi. With the passage of time and approaching the present era, historical houses have changed more rapidly, so that in the 100 years from the beginning to the end of the Qajar historical period, two types of houses, one with several central courtyards and the other with a single central courtyard, have emerged, which do not differ fundamentally from each other. The architecture of historical houses in Gorgan during this period is dominated by stability and stability. However, at the end of the Qajar historical period to the end of the first Pahlavi historical period, which includes about 20 to 25 years of time, 4 types of houses that are completely different from the houses of the Qajar period have been formed, and these 4 types also have many differences from each other. The type of classification that has been carried out in the typology of Gorgan's houses' architecture has been able to accurately analyze the spatial structure and design pattern in different periods of Gorgan's architecture. Linear patterns and the central courtyard are patterns that have been obtained naturally and without the intervention of external and interfering factors, which can be a suitable model for Gorgan's native architects to design modern housing inspired by the past architecture of Gorgan. What has been obtained regarding the architecture of Gorgan's houses in the extroverted patterns shows that the houses of the first Pahlavi dynasty did not have much of a natural and historically evolutionary structure and only paid attention to some naturalistic architectural patterns of the past of Gorgan, and in the periods after the first Pahlavi dynasty, the architectural patterns of Gorgan's houses were generally no longer used.
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