تحلیل تطبیقی عناصر داستانی داستان ایرانیِ «شهری چون بهشت» و داستان چینیِ «جشن نعمت»
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات میانرشتهای ادبیاتخدیجه حاجیان 1 , سعید بزرگ بیگدلی 2 , ژو ( نام فارسی ایرج) وانگ 3
1 - استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، ایران
2 - استاد گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، ایران
3 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، ایران
کلید واژه: سیمین دانشور, لوشون, و ادبیات تطبیقی, شهری چون بهشت و جشن نعمت.,
چکیده مقاله :
برخی آثار ادبی، بازتابندۀ واقعیتها و سنن حاکم بر جوامع بشری است؛ زیرا عرف رایج بر سبک نویسنده تأثیر می‌گذارد و مخاطب با خواندن آنها، واقعیتها و تعاملات اجتماعی ادوار خاص را درمییابد. جامعۀ ایران در میانۀ قرن بیستم میلادی/ اوایل چهاردهم خورشیدی، شاهد تغییراتی سریع بود. نویسندگان، آثاری فراوان و متفاوت خلق کردند. در این میان آثار واقعگرای «سیمین دانشور»، تأثیری عمیق بر فضای ادبی ایران گذاشت. «لو شون»، نویسندۀ معاصر چین نیز در زمینههای رمان، داستان کوتاه، مقاله، نقد ادبی و ترجمه، در اوایل قرن بیستم، آثاری شگرف با تعبیراتی غنی و روشنگرانه پدید آورده است. هرچند دانشور و لو شون پرورشیافتۀ دو فرهنگ متفاوت در دو کشور مختلفند، مقایسة دو اثر واقعگرایانة آنها بیانگر مشابهت‌های بسیار در نقد واقعیت‌های جامعۀ روزگار خودشان است. در این مقاله به روش تطبیقی، دو داستان کوتاه «شهری چون بهشت» از دانشور و «جشن نعمت» از لو شون بررسی شد و شباهتها و تفاوتهای ناگزیر‌شان از نظر برخی عناصر داستانی از جمله شخصیتپردازی، زاویهدید و... بررسی و مقایسه شده است. برای نمونه، شخصیتهای اصلی هر دو داستان از قشر آسیبپذیر و رنجکش جامعهاند که رخدادهای زندگیشان، زنجیرۀ اصلی داستان را شکل می‌دهد و با بیان وقایع زندگی و موقعیتشان، مشکلات و نابه‌هنجاری‌ها آشکار شده، واقعیت‌های حاکم بر جامعه نقد میشود. گرایش به مسائل اجتماعی و توجه به زندگی مردم جامعه و طبقات فرودست و همذاتپنداری با شخصیتهای اصلی، از شباهتهای دو اثر و نمود باورهای دینی دانشور و دینناباوری لوشون از تفاوتهای بارز منعکس در دو اثر است.
literary works reflect the realities and traditions governing human societies Because common custom affects the author's style and the audience learns the realities and social interactions of certain periods by reading them. Iranian society witnessed rapid changes in the middle of the 20th century writers created many different works; Meanwhile, Daneshvar's realist works had a deep impact on Iran's literary atmosphere. In the early 20th century, Shun, a contemporary Chinese writer, created wonderful works with rich and enlightening interpretations in the fields of novels, short stories, essays, literary criticism, and translation. Even though "Daneshvar" and "Lo Shun" grew up in two different cultures, in two different countries, the comparison of their two realistic works shows many similarities in criticizing the realities of the society of their time. In this article, two urban short stories such as Behesht by Daneshvar and Nemat by Shun have been investigated and their inevitable similarities and differences have been investigated in terms of some story elements.; For example, the main characters of both stories are from the vulnerable and suffering stratum of society, whose life events form the main chain of the story, by expressing the events of their lives and their situation, the problems, anomalies, and realities that govern the society. It is criticized. The orientation towards social issues the attention to the lives of the people of the society and the lower classes and identification with the main characters are among the similarities between the two works.
Keywords: Simin Daneshvar; Lu Xun; "A City Like Paradise"; " Zhu Fu".
Introduction
The realistic and influential works of Simin Daneshvar, a famous and stylish Persian novelist (1300-1390 AH), have represented Iranian history and culture from different angles, and have left a tremendous impact on the literary atmosphere of Iranian society. "Lu Xun" (1881-1936 AD) is also the founder and one of the prominent influencers on contemporary Chinese literature, who has outstanding works in the fields of novels, short stories, and ... Although Simin Daneshvar and Lu Xun lived in two different countries, with two different cultures, customs, and traditions; a comparison of these two realistic works shows similar and close perspectives of the two in many cases; "Mehrangiz" and "Xiang Lin" are the main characters of cities such as Heaven and Bliss. Both represent the hardworking, oppressed, and deprived people of the lower classes of society, and the authors narrate and criticize the issues and problems of the society of their time by artistically depicting their lives with the help of literary techniques. By examining and comparing the fictional elements of the two works, including characterization, point of view, theme, and other elements, their similarities and differences are explained. The description of the lives of Mehrangiz and Xiang Lin, who are "symbols" of the hardworking and homeless people, reflects the problems and pains of the Iranian and Chinese societies of that time.
Research Problem and Objective
The main question is; To what extent are A City Like Heaven and A Celebration of Blessings comparable in terms of their fictional elements, and what are their similarities and differences? The aim of the research, in addition to showing the inevitable similarities and differences between the two works, is to introduce contemporary Chinese literature to Persian-speaking audiences, as no comparative research has been conducted so far in the field of comparing contemporary Iranian and Chinese fictional literature.
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework based on comparative literature is the American and Chinese schools. The suggestion of American comparative literature scholars is comparative/parallel research to find similarities, but in the nascent Chinese school, the emphasis is more on expressing differences and considers the search for common ground and ignoring differences as a weakness of the two French and American schools. According to the Chinese school, one must move beyond the “search for common ground” and express differences, changes, and mutations to reexamine and define the context of literary diversity in comparative literature.
Story Elements and Analysis
In the story elements, the first thing that is discussed is the expression of characterization and types of story characters. In a city like heaven, Mehrangiz and the Blessings, Xiang Lin are the main characters/"main hero" of the story, and the events are centered on their behavior, actions, thoughts, and feelings. In both stories, a similar perspective is used, the third-person narrator and the authors have shown the audience what happened without interfering with their emotions and feelings; the cruel realities of society and the individual's vulnerability in an unequal social environment are well touched. The dominant theme, or theme of the two stories is the expression of the sad and suffering life of women from the lower classes of society. Mehrangiz's living environment represents the Iranian society of that time, and the village of Lu, where Xiang Lin lives, is the embodiment of the backward society and traditional culture of that time in China; Therefore, the theme of both works is the same, in expressing discrimination, poverty, and superstition, and criticizing the inequalities and oppression prevalent during that period. The similarities between the main characters are as follows: the representation of discrimination and inequality in human rights, the sad state of "women" in a patriarchal society who are unable to change their unbalanced fate and must be subordinate and obedient; in terms of social status, the main characters are from the lower class of society who suffer from the oppression prevalent in society and the economic oppression of the wealthy classes; both characters are hardworking and simple; despite all the hardships, they are always kind; they are passive characters; because they do not have the power to make decisions for their lives and the power to change their social class; the end of both lives is painful and they die with difficulty; the titles of both works are humorous; The audience, upon seeing the title A City Like Heaven, imagines that they are facing a happy subject; while Mehrangiz dies not in heaven but in a burning hell, and Xianglin dies not in bliss but in hunger and cold. The inevitable differences between the two works also include: the difference in narrative approach; A City Like Heaven is narrated from the middle of the story, and the Celebration of Bliss from the end, that is, with the description of Xianglin's death, the reason for his death gradually becoming clear throughout the narrative; The manifestation of some religious beliefs in a city like Paradise (Mehrangis' mother being taken to Mecca by Ali's father, Mehrangiz's feet facing the Qiblah when she died, etc.) and descriptions of popular beliefs in the celebration of blessings (holding the celebration at the same time as the Chinese New Year in order to gain luck and success in the new year; considering Xianglin a bad omen because of her two marriages and the deaths of her husbands and son Emao, ...) which are different from each other; these inevitable differences have several reasons; including the cultural differences between the two societies of Iran and China, which are rooted in their collective unconscious; the difference in the authors' perspectives due to the difference in their habitat and beliefs; Daneshvar is a Muslim, and for this reason some of the religious beliefs of the Islamic-Iranian society have appeared in a city like Paradise; But Lu Xun does not have prominent religious beliefs, and his work mostly describes Chinese folk beliefs, which he considers "cultural garbage" and should be discarded; Daneshvar focuses on the plight of a black woman as a representative of slaves who were forcibly brought to all over the world, including Iran, but Xiang Lin is the only representative of the working and oppressed people of China at that time; therefore, Daneshvar's work is "transnational" and global; but Lu Xun was a revolutionary figure and his only goal was to use literature to awaken the people in order to fight the feudal government of that time in China; the different situations of the two societies; Iranian and Chinese society at that time were in a period of severe social changes, A City Like Heaven was written after the coup of 1953 AD; that is, when the Pahlavi government changed from a constitutional monarchy to an authoritarian government relying on foreigners, and terrible class differences prevailed in society; The society was in the circle of feudal ideas and national capital was being exploited;. The Feast of Blessing was also written in 1920-1924 AD, which was the period of the expansion of the Chinese New Culture Movement. Lu Xun accompanied the 1911 revolution with great enthusiasm, but he realized that even after the revolution, the roots and foundations of feudal society were not completely destroyed; especially farmers, still suffered from hunger and cold in their lives; their rights were ignored, and their lives were very difficult.
Conclusion
From the comparison of urban stories like Paradise, and Blessing, a Chinese work, relying on the American school of comparative literature that mainly relies on the similarities of the works and the distinctive feature of the Chinese school of comparative literature that is based on expressing the differences of the works along with expressing their similarities; it was as follows: Although the life periods, social and cultural backgrounds of the two authors are different, the similarities of the two works include: the creation of two characters with the same gender and social status and similar fate; "Mehrangiz" and "Xiang Lin" are representatives of the lower/inferior and oppressed classes of the Iranian and Chinese society of that period, and in both works, the abnormal situation of the two societies of Iran and China is well described and as a result, the abnormalities are criticized. Another important difference is in the description of some beliefs and convictions of the people of the two societies; some religious-Iranian beliefs and some ethnic beliefs of Chinese culture, which are cultural beliefs specific to that society; Using Jung's theory of the unconscious, by examining culture, the author's perspective, and other social realities, the reasons for the existence of similarities and differences can be considered related to the collective unconscious of humans, the spirit of the times in a particular period, as well as the similarities of the realities of Iranian and Chinese society at that time. In addition, the similarities of the two stories are consistent with the theory of comparative literature of the American school, which considers literature beyond the boundaries of art, nation, and disciplines; because the two works have similar concepts, and themes; the inevitable differences between the two stories are not accidental; rather, they can be due to the differences in the backgrounds of cultural genes, various and different cultural phenomena existing in the two countries; therefore, the results of the research are also consistent with the foundations of the Chinese comparative school; such differences and specific characteristics
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