مدلی برای ارزیابی استقرار و پیشرفت حکمرانی الکترونیک در دستگاه‌های اجرایی ایران
محورهای موضوعی :
1 - دانشجوی دکتری فناوری اطلاعات، گروه مدیریت فناوری اطلاعات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران شمال
2 - دانشیار، گروه مهندسی صنایع، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران شمال
کلید واژه: حکمرانی الکترونیک, دولت الکترونیک, تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی, ارزیابی حکمرانی الکترونیک.,
چکیده مقاله :
همزمان با توسعه فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات، مفاهیم دولت و حکمرانی الکترونیک در مدیریت و اداره کشورها گسترش یافته است. دولت الکترونیک بر ارائه خدمات به ذینفعان به صورت مجازی و حکمرانی الکترونیکی بر تغییر شیوههای ارتباط دموکراتیک دولت با شهروندان تاکید دارند. لازمه موفقیت حکمرانی الکترونیک، اطمینان از اجرای موفق برنامه‌های توسعه حکمرانی الکترونیک در دستگاه‌های اجرایی وابسته به دولت و همراستایی برنامه‌ها در تمامی بخش‌های وابسته به آن است. شناسایی زیرمولفه‌ها و مولفه‌های ارزیابی حکمرانی الکترونیک علاوه بر آنکه جنبه‌های حائز اهمیت برای توسعه حکمرانی الکترونیک در دستگاه‌های اجرایی را مشخص می‌کند، ابزاری برای اطلاع از وضعیت پیشرفت اقدامات دستگاه‌های اجرایی در توسعه حکمرانی الکترونیک خواهد بود. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، شناسایی زیرمولفه‌ها و مولفه‌های ارزیابی پیشرفت دستگاه‌های اجرایی در توسعه حکمرانی الکترونیک تحت عنوان مدل ارزیابی حکمرانی الکترونیک است. بر اساس مطالعه ادبیات و نظرات خبرگان، 27 زیرمولفه ارزیابی شناسایی شده است. با ابزار پرسشنامه، اهمیت هر یک از آنها در پیشرفت حکمرانی الکترونیک در دستگاه‌های اجرایی کشور ارزیابی شده و با استفاده از روش تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی، معیارها در شش مؤلفه اصلی دسته‌بندی شده‌اند: کیفیت حکمرانی الکترونیک، رهبری و انگیزش حکمرانی الکترونیک، بهره‌وری و تسهیلگری، پشتیبانی و حمایت، مدیریت خدمات الکترونیک و قانون‌گذاری الکترونیک.
Along with the development of information and communication technology in all areas, information technology in the management and administration of countries has also developed and concepts such as e-government and e-governance have emerged. Although e-government emphasizes providing services to stakeholders by internet, e-governance emphasizes the need to change the way the government communicates democratically with its citizens. Identifying the components of e-government evaluation In addition to identifying the important aspects for the development of e-government in the executive apparatus, it is a tool to know the status of progress of the executive apparatus and identify strengths and areas for improvement in the development of e-government. The main purpose of this study is to study the criteria and identify the components of evaluating the progress of government executive bodies in the development of e-government under the title of e-government evaluation framework. Accordingly, the initial criteria have been identified based on a literature study. Then, with the help of expert opinions, the criteria are reviewed and defined. With the help of a questionnaire, the importance of each criterion in the development of e-government in the country's executive apparatus has been questioned through random sampling. After measuring the importance of the criteria from the perspective of experts, effective criteria have been categorized using exploratory factor analysis. The results of factor analysis show 27 criteria identified in six components; e-governance quality, e-governance leadership and motivation, productivity and facilitation, support, e-services management, and e-legislation are summarized. Another output of this study is the coefficient of the importance of each of the criteria in measuring the identified factor.
[1] N. Thompson, A. Mullins, and T. Chongsutakawewong, “Does high e-government adoption assure stronger security? Results from a cross-country analysis of Australia and Thailand,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 101408, 2020. Doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2019.101408.
[2] S. Lee-Geiller, and T. D. Lee, “Using government websites to enhance democratic E-governance: A conceptual model for evaluation,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 208-225, 2019. Doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2019.01.003.
[3] D. Saparniene, From e-government to e-governance: e-initiatives in europe, Siauliai University, Lithuania. 2013.
[4] V. Homburg, ICT, e-government and e-governance: bits & bytes for public administration. In E. Ongaro, & S. V. Thiel, The Palgrave Handbook of Public Administration and Management in Europe. pp. 347-361. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 2018.
[5] C. Ø. Madsen, and A. M. Jesper Bull Berger, The development in leading e-government articles 2001-2010: Definitions, perspectives, scope, research philosophies, methods and recommendations: An update of Heeks and Bailur. International conference on electronic government, 2014. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
[6] A. Sánchez-Ortiz, A. Ramaprasad, and T. Syn, Comparative Analysis of E-Gov Services: An Ontology-Based Approach. In International E-Government DevelopmentPolicy, Implementation and Best Practice, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 19-38, 2018.
[7] G.R. Kazemian, V. Ghorbanizadehm, R. Vaezi, and M. Shahmohammadi, “A Pattern of Role and Structure of Local Governance in Iran's Management System,” Journal of Public Administration, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 179-202 (In Persian), 2019. Doi: 10.22059/JIPA.2019.278535.2521
[8] M. Finger, and G. Pécoud, From e-Government to e-Governance? Towards a model of e-Governance. In Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on E-Government-ECEG, 2003, pp. 119-130.
[9] S. C. Palvia, and S. S. Sharma, “E-government and e-governance: definitions/domain framework and status around the world,” International Conference on E-governance., 2007.
[10] J. Guida, and M. Crow, “E-government and e-governance,” In ICT4D: Information and Communication Technology for Development, 2009, pp. 283-320, Cambridge University Press.
[11] V. Godse, and A. Garg, “From E-government to E-governance,” 5th International Conference on e-Governance, 2007.
[12] M. Backus, “E-governance and developing countries, introduction and examples,” International Institute for Communication and Development (IICD), 2001.
[13] D. Savic, “eGovernance: Theoretical Foundations and Practical Implications. Montreal”, 2006. Retrieved from http://dobrica.savic.ca/pubs/egovernance_foundations.pdf
[14] A.R. Hashemian, “Investigating the two concepts of e-government and e-government,” Sixth International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Management, 2009. Tehran, Iran (In Persian). https://civilica.com/doc/84676/.
[15] R. Barman, “E-Government and E-Governance: A Conceptual Framework,” International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 1-4, 2014. http://indianresearchjournals.com/pdf/IJSSIR/2014/December/1.pdf.
[16] N. Bindu, C. Sankar, and K. Kumar, “From conventional governance to e-democracy: Tracing the evolution of e-governance research trends using network analysis tools”, Government Information Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 385-399, 2019. Doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2019.02.005.
[17] M. P. Rodríguez-Bolívar, L. Alcaide-Muñoz, and M. J. Cobo, “Analyzing the scientific evolution and impact of e-Participation research in JCR journals using science mapping,” International Journal of Information Management, vol. 40, pp. 111-119, 2018. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.12.011.
[18] T. Plumptre, and J. Graham, “Governance in the new millennium: challenges for Canada,” Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: The Institute On Governance. 2000.
[19] A. Moghaddasi, A. Manian, R. Gholipour and A. Hasanzadeh, “A Model for Electronic Good Governance in Electronic Learning Sector of Iran,” Journal of Information Technology Management, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 591-620, 2016. (In Persian). https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=576976
[20] N. Ebadi, “The Maturity Level of E-Governance in Iran Ministry Portals,” Journal of Public Administration, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 487-510, 2016. Doi: 10.22059/JIPA.2016.60765.
[21] I. Khan, N. Khan, and Nazia, “E-Governance Reforms In India: Issues, Challenges and Strategies - An Overview,” International Journal of Computer Science Issues, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 4253, 2015. https://www.ijcsi.org/papers/IJCSI-12-1-2-42-53.pdf.
[22] N. Saxena, “E-Government and E-Democracy: The Role of Technology vis-a-vis Indian Socio-Legal Framework”, 2017. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2976000
[23] F. Saghafi, N.M. Yaghoubi, S. Ansari, “Comparative Study of E-government Foresight Projects in the World in Order to opt as the Benchmark for Iran,” Journal of Public Administration, vol. 10, no. 20, pp. 187-208 (In Persian), 2018. Doi: 10.22059/JIPA.2018.247386.2142
[24] B. Zarei, F. Saghafi, and L. Zarrin, “Measuring the Amount of Effects of Capability Approach on Developing E-government”, Journal of Information Technology Management, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 57-94 (In Persian), 2013. Doi: 10.22059/JITM.2013.36529.
[25] F. Saghafi, K. Abbasi Shahkooh, N. Dastranj, “Integrated E-government Implementation System Framework”, Modiriat-E-Farda, vol. 33, pp. 17-36, 2012.
[26] S. Haydari and G A. Montazer, “Assessing E-Government Readiness in Iranian Universities, Case Study: Tarbiat Modares University,” Journal of Information & Comminication Technology, vol. 12, no. 43 and 44, pp. 1-26, 2020. http://jor.iranaict.ir/article-1-1444-fa.html.
[27] S. Khanra, and R. P. Joseph., “E-governance maturity models: a meta-ethnographic study,” The International Technology Management Review, vol. 8, pp. 1-9, 2018.
[28] K. Mustafa, and I. Shabani, “Mobile e-Governance in Cloud,” International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering, Science & IT (iJES), vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 46-60, 2018.
[29] F. Saghafi, F. Nassereslammi, and M. Alijerban, “Customized Mobile-Government Maturity Model,” Journal of Science & Technology Policy, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 110-127, 2010. (In Persian). http://jstp.nrisp.ac.ir/article_12810.html.
[30] F. Saghafi, and M. Fasanghari, “Comprehensive Intractive Maturity Model for Mobile Government”, Iranian Communication and Information Technology, vol. 2, no. 3-4, pp. 27- 40, 2010. (In Persian).
[31] O. F. Derindag, M. Canakci, and R. Tsarev, “Information and communication technologies in e-commerce and e-governance,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1399, no. 3, 2018. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1399/3/033110.
[32] M. D'agostino, R. Schwester, T. Carrizales, and J. Melitski, “A study of e-government and e-governance: An empirical examination of municipal websites,” Public Administration Quarterly, vol. 3, no. 25, pp. 3-25, 2011. Doi: 10.2307/41804540.
[33] A. Kolsaker, and L. Lee‐Kelley, “Citizens' attitudes towards e‐government and e‐governance: a UK study,” International Journal of Public Sector Management, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 723-738, 2008. Doi: 10.1108/09513550810904532.
[34] F. Saghafi, A. Ali Ahmadi, S. Ghazi noori, and M. Hoorali, “Designing and Implementing Back Basting Reference Model for Identifying Critical Factors for Success (CFS) of Iran’s Electronic Government Services,” Journal Strategies Studies of Public Policy, vol. 5, no. 14, pp. 205-240, 2014 (In Persian).
[35] N. Ebadi, and A. Piranejad, “E-Governance in Municipalities: Studying the Iranian Municipalities’ Portals,” Journal of Public Administration, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 265-288, 2014. (In Persian). Doi: 10.22059/JIPA.2014.50766.
[36] S.T. Kim, Converging e-democracy and e-government model toward an evolutionary model of e-governance: The case of South Korea, 2006.
[37] F. Saghafi, F. Nassereslammi, M. “Alijerban, Customized Mobile-Government Maturity Model,” Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 46-64, 2011. (In Persian). http://jstp.nrisp.ac.ir/article_12810.html
[38] S. Madon, “Evaluating the developmental impact of e‐governance initiatives: An exploratory framework,” The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1-13.
[39] T. Bovaird, E. Löffler, and J. Martin., (2003). From Corporate Governance to Local Governance: Stakeholder‐Driven Community Score‐Cards for UK Local Agencies? International Journal of Public Administration, 26(8-9): 1035-1058. Doi: 10.1081/PAD-120019359.
[40] A. Al-Omari, and H. Al-Omari, “E-government readiness assessment model,” Journal of Computer Science, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 841-845, 2006. Doi: 10.3844/jcssp.2006.841.845.
[41] A. Ayanso, D. Chatterjee, and D. I. Cho, “E-Government readiness index: A methodology and analysis,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 522-532, 2011. Doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2011.02.004.
[42] F. Saghafi, A. AliAhmadi, H. Rahimian, and A. Kari Dolatabadi, “Designing a conceptual model of popular participation and central justice in the context of e-government based on value thinking methodology”, Moderiat-E-Farda, vol. 23, pp. 3-17, 2010.
[43] Khaki, G. Research Methodology in Management, Tehran, Baztab Press, 2011. (In Persian).
[44] F. Saghafi, A. Ali Ahmadi, S. Ghazi noori, and M. Hoorali, “Developing and Identifying Possibility & Plausibility of E-Government Services Scenarios in Iran by 1404,” Journal of Information Technology Management, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 49-68, 2014. (In Persian). Doi: 10.22059/JITM.2015.53239.
[45] S. Coleman, African e-governance: opportunities and challenges, University of Oxford: Ox-ford University Press.
[46] A. De-Jager, and V. Reijswoud, “E-Governance in the developing world in action,” The Journal of Community Informatics, vol. 4, no. 2, Special Issue: E-Governance and Community Informatics. 2008. Doi: 10.15353/joci.v4i2.2955
[47] F. Saghafi, A. Aliahmadi, S. S. Ghazi Noory, and M. Hourali, “Achieving the desired future e-government services of Iran based on the backcasting,” Iranian Journal of Management Sciences, vol. 9, no. 34, pp. 125-144, 2014. (In Persian).
[48] B. A. Allen, L. Juillet, G. Paquet, and J. Roy, “E-Governance & government on-line in Canada: Partnerships, people & prospects,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 93-104, 2014. Doi: 10.1016/S0740-624X(01)00063-6.
[49] A. Mishra, and I. Akman., “Information technology in human resource management: An empirical assessment,” Public Personnel Management, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 271-290, 2010. Doi: 10.1177/009102601003900306.
[50] Reddick, C. G. (2011). “Citizen Interaction and e‐government: Evidence for the managerial, consultative, and participatory models,” Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 167-184, 2010. Doi: 10.1108/17506161111131195.
[51] C. G. Reddick, Public administration and information technology, 2012. Burlington: MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
[52] A. V. Anttiroiko, “Democratic E-Governance: Basic Concepts, Issues and Future Trends,” 한국지역정보화학회지, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 27-45, 2007.
[53] T. M. Harrison, S. Guerrero, G. B. Burke, M. Cook, A. Cresswell, N. Helbig, J. Hrdinová, and T. Pardo, “Open government and e-government: Democratic challenges from a public value perspective”, Information Polity, vol. 17, no. 2, pp.83-97, 2012. Doi: 10.1145/2037556.2037597.
[54] C.P. Lee, K. Chang, and F. S. Berry, “Testing the development and diffusion of e‐government and e‐democracy: A global perspective,” Public Administration Review, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 444-454, 2011. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23017501.
[55] K. Wong, C. Fearon, and G. Philip, “Understanding egovernment and egovernance: stakeholders, partnerships and CSR,” International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, vol. 24, no. 9, 927-943. Doi: 10.1108/02656710710826199.
[56] P. Singh, and A. Singh, “India s E-Governance Initiatives and It‟ s Impact,” The First International Conference on Interdisciplinary Research and Development, 31, 2011. http://www.ijcim.th.org/SpecialEditions/v19nSP1/02_36_18A_Parveen%20Singh_[6].pdf.
[57] S. Marche, and J. D. McNiven, “E‐government and e‐governance: the future isn't what it used to be,” Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 74-86, 2003. Doi: 10.1111/j.1936-4490.2003.tb00306.x.
[58] R. Palanisamy, “Issues and challenges in e-governance planning” Electronic Government, an International Journal, vol. 1, no. 3, pp, 253-272, 2004. Doi: 10.1504/EG.2004.005551.
[59] J. Roy, “E-service delivery and new governance capacities:'Service Canada'as a case study,” International Journal of Services Technology and Management, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 253-271. Doi: 10.1504/IJSTM.2006.010050.
[60] K. Saxena, “Towards excellence in e-governance,” International Journal of Public Sector Management, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 498-51, 2005. Doi: 10.1108/09513550510616733.
[61] F. Azmat, Q. Alam, and K. Coghill., “Integrated governance: A pre-requisite for sustainable market-oriented development in Bangladesh,” Intl Journal of Public Administration, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 829-851, 2009. Doi: 10.1080/01900690902891982.
[62] C. Prabhu, E-governance: concepts and case studies, 2013. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
[63] G. Narayan, and A. Nerurkar, “Value-proposition of e-governance services: Bridging rural-urban digital divide in developing countries,” International journal of education and development using ICT, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 33-44, 2006.
[64] V. Peristeras and K. Tarabanis, “Governance enterprise architecture (GEA) domain models for e-governance.” Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Electronic commerce, pp. 471–479. Doi: 10.1145/1052220.1052280.
[65] V. Peristeras, A. Mocan, T. Vitvar, S. Nazir, S. K. Goudos and K. Tarabanis, Towards semantic web services for public administration based on the web service modeling ontology (WSMO) and the governance enterprise architecture (GEA)., 2006. Retrieved from https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41207031/DEXA_EGOV_2006_GEA-WSMO_final.pdf20160115-19908-2te51m.pdf?1452870257=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DTowards_Semantic_Web_Services_for_Public.pdf&Expires=1612251497&Signature=T2brkeDtrxNf~
[66] A. Kolsaker, “Reconceptualising e-government as a tool of governance: the UK case,” Electronic Government, an International Journal, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 347-355, 2006. Doi: 10.1504/EG.2006.010798.
[67] S. K. Pal, “Changing technological trends for E-governance,” In E-governance in India, pp. 79-105, 2019. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
[68] R. Kuriyan, K. Kitner and J. Watkins, “ICTs, development and trust: an overview,” Information Technology & People, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 216-221, 2010. Doi: 10.1108/09593841011069130.
[69] M. Sorrentino and B. Niehaves, “Intermediaries in e-inclusion: a literature review”, 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, IEEE, pp. 1-10, 2010.
[70] S. Bailur, R. Kuriyan, D. Menon, Pal, J. Rangaswamy, N., Ratan, A., Srinivasan, J., Toyama, K., R. Veeraraghavan, “Review of research on rural PC kiosks” Microsoft Research India. 2007. Retrieved from http://groups.csail.mit.edu/cag/ict4dev/papers/Kiosks%20Research.pdf.
[71] P. Rossel and M. Finger, “Conceptualizing e-governance,” Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Theory and practice of electronic governance, 399-407, 2007.
[72] Z. Irani, P. Love, T. Elliman, S. Jones, and M. Themistocleous, “Evaluating e‐government: learning from the experiences of two UK local authorities,” Information Systems Journal, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 61-82, 2005. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2575.2005.00186.x.
[73] I. Oosterlaken, “Inserting technology in the relational ontology of Sen's capability approach”, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 425-432, 2011. Doi: 10.1080/19452829.2011.576661.
[74] R. Heeks, “Understanding e-Governance for Development”, Manchester: Institute for Development Policy and Management. Report number: iGovernment Working Paper no. 11, 2001. Doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.14715.46882.
[75] K. G. Rajalekshmi, “E-governance services through telecenters: The role of human intermediary and issues of trust,” Information Technologies & International Development, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 19-35, 2007.
[76] T. Nam, “New ends, new means, but old attitudes: Citizens' views on open government and government 2.0.” 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, Kauai, HI, USA. Doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2011.316.
[77] Bannister, F., & Connolly, R. (2011). New problems for old? Defining e-governance. 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, Kauai, HI, USA. Doi: 10.1109/HICSS.2011.317.
[78] S. S. Dawes, “Governance in the digital age: A research and action framework for an uncertain future,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 257-264, 2009. Doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2008.12.003.
[79] A. Dearden, and S. M. Rizvi, “A deeply embedded sociotechnical strategy for designing ICT for development,” International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development (IJSKD), vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 52-70, 2009.
[80] D. Mindrila, “Exploratory Factor Analysis: An Overview. Exploratory Factor Analysis: Applications In School Improvement Research,” New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2017.
[81] D. Coursey, and D. F. Norris, “Models of e‐government: Are they correct? An empirical assessment,” Public administration review, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 523-536, 2008. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25145630.
[82] N. A. Siddiquee, “Innovations in governance and service delivery: e-government experiments in Malaysia,” In The role of public administration in building a harmonious society, pp. 366-384, 2006. Philippines: Asian Development Bank.
